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["Assessment",null,null,"Reference",{"$nulls":8},"Control",{"$nulls":4},"Active Ingredient/Biological",{"$nulls":11},"Scale",null,null,null,"Target/Crop",null,null,"Success",null,null,"Biology",{"$nulls":5},"Pest status/damage"]
["Scored","Not Scored","Comment","Author(s)","Year","Title","Source","Type of article","Volume","Issue","Page(s)","Abstract","Insecticide","Fungus","Nematode","Predator","Other","Organophosphate","Neonicotinoid","Pyrethroid","Other insecticide","Metarhizium","Beauveria","Other fungus","Steinernema","Heterorhabditis ","Other nematode","Other biological","Other control","Laboratory","Semi-field","Protected crop","Field crop","Larvae","Adult","Crop","Low","Moderate","High","Developmental biology","Oviposition","Aggregation","Larval feeding behaviour","Adult feeding behaviour","Other","Larvae","Adults","Monitoring/Forecasting/Decision support"]
["x",null,null,"Alford, D. V.",1996,"Adult vine weevil activity in black currant plantations in south west England","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"31-35",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x",null,null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Alford, D. V.",1985,"Chemical control of vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus on black currant","Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars supplement to Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",null,6,"4-5",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
[null,"x","no access to paper and and abstract is not informative","Andersen, M. N.",1991,"Greenhouse weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus). / Veksthussnutebille (Otiorhynchus sulcatus)","Gartneryrket","Journal Article",81,5,"12-13","Notes are provided on the biology, injuriousness and control (chemical and using formulations of microbial pesticides based on steinernematid nematodes) of Otiorhynchus sulcatus in greenhouses and nurseries, with special reference to conditions in Norway, where the weevil is an important pest of ornamental woody plants, including Taxus and Rhododendron."]
["x",null,"scored on the basis of the abstract only","Anon",1970,"Wingless weevils",null,"Generic",null,null,"8","This revised leaflet contains notes on the life-history, cultural and chemical control of Otiorhynchus singularis (L.) on forest and fruit trees, black currant, raspberry and hop, O. clavipes (Bonsd.) on strawberry, O. sulcatus (F.) on greenhouse-grown and outdoor ornamental plants and strawberry, and O. rugosostriatus Goeze, O. rugifrons (Gylh.), O. ovatus (L.) and Sciaphilus asperatus (Bonsd.) on strawberry; the nature of the damage caused by each species on each type of food-plant in Britain is described.","x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":14},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x"]
["x",null,"scored on the basis of the abstract only","Anon",1974,"Otiorhynchus sulcatus [Distribution map]",null,"Generic",null,null,"Ma-Ma","A new distribution map is provided for Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Brachyrhinus sulcatus[Otiorhynchus sulcatus] F.) (Col., Curculionidae) (Vine Weevil, Strawberry, Cyclamen or Black Vine Weevil). Host Plants: Strawberry, grapevines, Cyclamen. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Britain, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR, Shtakel'berg, AFRICA, St. Helena, AUSTRALASIA, and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Chatham Islands, New Zealand, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, U.S.A.",{"$nulls":20},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x"]
["x",null,"scored on the basis of the abstract only","Anon",1990,"Otiorhynchus sulcatus [Distribution map]",null,"Generic",null,null,"Ma-Ma","A new distribution map is provided for Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) Coleoptera: Culculionidae (vine weevil, strawberry, cyclamen or black vine weevil). Attacks strawberry, grapevine, Cyclamen. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe, Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia, USSR, Russian SFSR, European USSR, Africa, St. Helena, Egypt, Asia, Japan, Australasia and Pacific Islands, Australia, Tasmania, Chatham Islands, Hawaii, New Zealand, North America, Canada, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, USA, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, South America, Chile, Colombia.",{"$nulls":20},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x"]
[null,"x","no access to paper, no abstract","Anon",1990,"Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) vine weevil, strawberry, cyclamen or black vine weevil","International Institute of Entomology Distribution Maps of Pests Series A Agricultural","Journal Article",null,null,"3pp.-3pp."]
["x",null,null,"Ansari, M. A.; Butt, T. M.",2011,"Effect of potting media on the efficacy and dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Biological Control","Journal Article",58,3,"310-318","The effect of five commercial potting media, peat, bark, coir, and peat blended with 10% and 20% compost green waste (CGW) on the virulence of six commercially available entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora UWS1, Heterorhabditis megidis, Heterorhabditis downesi, Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapsae, and Steinernema kraussei was tested against third-instar black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus. Media type was shown to significantly affect EPN virulence. Heterorhabditis species caused 100% larval mortality in all media whereas Steinernema species caused 100% larval mortality only in the peat blended with 20% CGW. A later experiment investigated the effect of potting media on the virulence of EPN species against BVW by comparing the vertical dispersal of EPN in the presence and absence of BVW larva. Media type significantly influenced EPN dispersal. Dispersal of H. bacteriophora was higher than H. megidis, H. downesi, or S. kraussei in all media, whereas, S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae dispersal was much reduced and restricted to peat blended with 20% CGW and coir, respectively. In the absence of larvae, most of the EPN species remained in the same segment they were applied in, suggesting that the larvae responded to host volatile cues. Greenhouse trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of most virulent strain, H. bacteriophora in conditions more representative of those in the field, using 2.5 x 10(9) infective juveniles/ha. The efficacy of H. bacteriophora UWS1 against third-instar BVW was 100% in peat, and peat blended with 10% and 20% CGW but only 70% in bark and coir, 2 weeks after application. These studies suggest that potting media significantly affects the efficacy and dispersal of EPN for BVW control. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
[null,"x","out of scope","Ansari, M. A.; Butt, T. M.",2011,"Effects of successive subculturing on stability, virulence, conidial yield, germination and shelf-life of entomopathogenic fungi","Journal of Applied Microbiology","Journal Article",110,6,"1460-1469","Aims: To determine the stability and conidial yield of two strains of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and one strain of M. brunneum, being developed for the control of insect pests. Methods and Results: The conidial yields and the shelf-life of the conidia of two commercially viable strains of M. anisopliae V275 (=F52) and ARSEF 4556 and one strain of M. brunneum (ARSEF 3297) were determined after harvesting conidia from in vitro subcultures on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and broken basmati rice. The strains were stable and showed no decline in virulence against Tenebrio molitor, even when subcultured successively 12 times on SDA. Conidia-bound Pr1 protease activity decreased in conidia harvested from SDA and mycosed cadavers after the 1st subculture, but increased in conidia produced on rice. The C:N ratio of conidia from mycosed cadavers was lower than that of conidia from rice or SDA. Irrespective of the number of subcultures, strain ARSEF 4556 produced significantly higher conidial yields than ARSEF 3297 and V275. The 12th subculture of V275 and ARSEF 3297 produced the lowest conidial yield. Shelf-life studies showed that conidia of strain ARSEF 4556 had a higher conidial viability than V275 and ARSEF 3297 after 4 months, stored at 4 degrees C. Conclusions: The current study shows that determining strain stability and conidial yield through successive subculturing is an essential component for selecting the best strain for commercial purposes. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study to compare quality control parameters in the production of conidia on rice, and it shows that the level of Pr1 is comparatively high for inoculum produced on rice."]
["x",null,null,"Ansari, M. A.; Butt, T. M.",2013,"Influence of the application methods and doses on the susceptibility of black vine weevil larvae Otiorhynchus sulcatus to Metarhizium anisopliae in field-grown strawberries","Biocontrol","Journal Article",58,2,"257-267","Entomopathogenic fungi are commercially available for the control of insect pests, including the black vine weevil (BVW) Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabricius (Coleoptera:Curculionidae). However, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin (Clavicipitaceae) has not been used to control BVW in field-grown strawberries. Field trials were conducted in different locations in the UK during 2009-2010 to evaluate the different formulations (granular vs. drench) and application methods (premixed, drench, bare root treatment) of commercial strain of M. anisopliae Met52(A (R)) (=F52), the entomopathogenic nematodes and the organophosphate insecticide Cyren(A (R)) against BVW. The highest dose (10(14) cfu ha(-1)) tested provided significantly better control than the intermediate (10(13) cfu ha(-1)) or low (10(12) cfu ha(-1)) doses. BVW larval control at the high, intermediate and low doses was 71-96, 40-75 and 6-11 %, respectively. Premixing, drench or bare root treatment with Met52(A (R)) gave similar levels of BVW control. Irrespective of the application methods or soil types, the high dose rate of Met52(A (R)) provided the best control. Significantly high larval control was achieved (78-97 %) when chlorpyrifos was applied at planting than eight weeks post planting (53 %). There were significant differences in BVW control between Met52(A (R)) (88 %) and reduced doses of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (20-29 %) or Steinernema kraussei Steiner (39-75 %) when applied alone. However, when used together, low dose of S. kraussei and Met52(A (R)) provided 100 % control of BVW larvae. This study shows that Met52(A (R)) has considerable potential for the control of BVW larvae in commercial field-grown strawberry, thereby offering an environmentally benign alternative to chemical insecticides.","x","x","x",null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
[null,"x","out of scope","Ansari, M. A.; Evans, M.; Butt, T. M.",2009,"Identification of pathogenic strains of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi for wireworm control","Crop Protection","Journal Article",28,3,"269-272","Wireworms, the subterranean larval stage of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), are an important pests of potatoes throughout the world. Laboratory assays were done to identify virulent strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and fungi against wireworm, Agriotes lineatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Elateridae). A fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch), Sorokin strains V1002 and LRC181A, caused 90 and 100% mortality of A. lineatus, 3 weeks post-inoculation. Other M. anisopliae strains caused mortality ranging between 10 and 70%, whereas strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) were non-pathogenic to A. lineatus. The EPN, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar strain UWS1, caused significantly greater mortality (67%) to A. lineatus than other EPN species (0-50%), 3 weeks post-inoculation. The organophosphate insecticide Mocap 10G gave 100% control. The present results suggest that M. anisopliae strain V1002 has considerable potential for the control of the wireworm tested. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."]
["x",null,null,"Ansari, M. A.; Shah, F. A.; Butt, T. M.",2008,"Combined use of entomopathogenic nematodes and Metarhizium anisopliae as a new approach for black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, control","Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","Journal Article",129,3,"340-347","Combined use of the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema feltiae Bovien, and Steinernema kraussei Steiner (Steinernematidae) and the insect-pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin (Clavicipitaceae) was evaluated for control of third-instar black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Black vine weevil larvae were exposed to various concentrations of M. anisopliae and EPNs and mortality was assessed weekly or at 3-day intervals under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The EPNs were added simultaneously, or 1 or 2 weeks after application of M. anisopliae. Throughout the experiments, the combined application of EPNs with M. anisopliae resulted in increased efficacy against black vine weevil. When the EPNs were applied 1 or 2 weeks after application of the fungus, 100% larval mortality was obtained, even when the biocontrol agents were used at reduced rates. The interactions observed suggest that EPN and M. anisopliae work together synergistically in potted Euonymus fortunei Blondy (Celastraceae) under greenhouse conditions and may provide a powerful and economically feasible approach for black vine weevil larval control.",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,null,"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Ansari, M. A.; Shah, F. A.; Butt, T. M.",2010,"The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei and Metarhizium anisopliae work synergistically in controlling overwintering larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, in strawberry growbags","Biocontrol Science and Technology","Journal Article",20,1,"99-105","Previously, the combination of reduced rate of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and fungus caused additive or synergistic mortality to third-instar black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus. In this study, we examined this interaction in unheated glasshouses during winter and compared a combination of commercial formulation of a cold-tolerant EPN, S. kraussei (Nemasys L(TM)) and fungus Metarhizium anisopliae strain V275 against overwintering third-instar BVW. The combination of M. anisopliae with S. kraussei at a rate of 1 x 10(10) conidia +250,000 nematodes/growbag resulted in additive or synergistic effects, providing 100% control of overwintering larvae.",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,"review article","Backhaus, G. F.",1996,"Vine weevil problems on ornamental plants","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"12-18",null,"x","x","x",null,null,"x",null,"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x","x","x","x",null,null,null,"x","x",null,"x","x",null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Backhaus, G. F.",1994,"Biological control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. by use of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis","Acta Horticulturae","Journal Article",null,364,"131-142","Experiments were carried out in containerized woody ornamentals (Taxus baccata and Rhododendron spp.) and in open field stands of strawberries in Germany to test entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis sp.) as biological control agents against larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus. The following results were obtained: larvae, pupae and young adults were parasitized by Heterorhabditis. At soil temperatures above 12°C decreases in host densities of 81-100% were found as well in containerized ornamentals as in field production of strawberries. Dosage levels could be reduced to 10 000 nematodes per 2 litre-container or 600 000 nematodes per m² without significant loss of efficiency. It is recommended that Heterorhabditis should be applied as soon as they are delivered, as cool storage for several weeks drastically reduced their efficiency. Soil treatments with the fungicides benomyl, fosetyl, iprodion, metalaxyl, prochloraz, propamocarb or pencycuron did not show negative effects on the efficiency of Heterorhabditis against larvae of O. sulcatus. This paper was presented at the 5th International Rhododendron Conference held on 18-24 May, 1992, in Bad Zwischenahn, Germany.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
[null,"x","no access to paper and and abstract is not informative","Backhaus, G. F.",1994,"Control of black vine weevil with entmopathogenic nematodes. / Bekämpfung von dickmaulrüsslern mit insektenpathogen nematoden","Gartenbau Magazin","Journal Article",3,5,"34-36","Possibilities for the biological control of the curculionids Otiorhynchus spp. on ornamentals in the greenhouse using commercially available strains of Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. are examined. Experience in their use in small fruits and ornamentals is discussed with details of their strains and optimum conditions for their efficacy."]
["x",null,null,"Baird, C. R.; Dorschner, K. W.; Nyberg, C. J.",1992,"Biology of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus on hop in Idaho (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia","Journal Article",89,0,"31-37","The black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius), is an important pest of hop, Humulus lupulus L., in Idaho. Although some adults survived winter conditions, O. sulcatus overwintered primarily as developing larvae associated with hop root systems 5-50 cm deep in the soil. Primary damage occurred as nearly mature larvae girdled small roots and rhizomes during spring feeding. Pupation began in mid-April with soil temperatures of 15-17 degree C and concluded in mid- to late May. Adult emergence began in early May and was complete by late May to early June during 1986-1988. The preoviposition period averaged 26 days in the field. The mean number of eggs laid per adult female was 290 (22-1230). Eggs hatched in 12-22 days at 21 degree C.",{"$nulls":20},"x","x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x"]
["x",null,"scored on basis of abstract","Bal, J.",2008,"Control of black vine weevil with the fungus Bio 1020. / Taxuskever bestrijden met schimmel Bio 1020","Fruitteelt (Den Haag)","Journal Article",98,12,"16-16","Bio 1020 (Metarhizium anisopliae) has been allowed in Dutch soft fruits and orchards since 2007 to control black vine weevil [Otiorhynchus sulcatus]. Its mode of action is described. Optimal control of weevils is possible at temperatures of 15-30°C. Mixing fungal spores at the rate of 0.5 kg/m3 potting soil is recommended.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x","x"]
[null,"x","no access to paper and and abstract is not informative","Baranowski, T.; Dankowska, E.",1996,"Pests in horticulture substrates and possibilities of their control. / Szkodniki w podozach ogrodniczych i moz\\dit over\\liwości ich zwalczania","Zeszyty Problemowe Postepów Nauk Rolniczych","Journal Article",429,null,"43-45","The harmfulness, biology and control methods of the most frequently occurring pests (including Meloidogyne hapla, Pratylenchus penetrans, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Scatella stagnalis and Elateridae) in horticultural crops in Poland are outlined."]
["x",null,null,"Barratt, B. I. P.; Ferguson, C. M.",1987,"Chemical control of adult black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus)",null,"Journal Article",null,null,"36-38","In the laboratory, adults of the curculionid Otiorhynchus sulcatus were provided with rhododendron leaf discs sprayed 4 days previously with chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 40 EC at 30 g a.i./100 litres of water), acephate (Orthene 75 at 37.5 g a.i./100 litres), lindane (50 W at 50 g a.i./100 litres), endosulfan (Thiodan 35 EC at 70 g a.i./100 litres), pirimiphos-methyl plus permethrin (Target at 47.5 g and 2.5 g a.i./100 litres), carbaryl (Ispray Carbaryl 80W at 120 g a.i./100 litres), parathion (Folidol M50 at 45 g a.i./100 litres) or oxamyl (Vydate L at 120 g a.i./100 litres). Curculionid survival and leaf area consumption during a 5-day period and longer-term survival and fecundity during the following 12 weeks were recorded. Carbaryl gave the highest mortality (80%) during the bioassay period. Oxamyl reduced both leaf area consumption and longer term survival. Egg production was reduced to a similar extent by both carbaryl and oxamyl. Due to its low mammalian toxicity, carbaryl is recommended for further field testing for use in nurseries.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Barratt, B. I. P.; Ferguson, C. M.; Jackson, T. A.; Harvey, I. C.",1989,"Control of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus culcatus (F)) larvae with parasitic nematodes and fungal pathogens","Proceedings of the Forty-Second New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference, 1989","Journal Article",null,null,"259-261",null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,null,null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Barratt, B. I. P.; Lauren, D. R.; Snelling, C. M.; Ferguson, C. M.",1989,"Carbaryl for control of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F)) on rhododendrons","Proceedings of the Forty-Second New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference, 1989","Journal Article",null,null,"262-265",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,"x","x","x","x","x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Bassangova, N.; Grunder, J.",1996,"Seasonal activity and selection for host plants for several different Otiorhynchus species in Switzerland","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"63-63",{"$nulls":21},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"review article","Bathon, H.",1996,"Selection and use of entomopathogenic nematodes against vine weevil","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"81-85",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x","x","x","x","x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Beck, D. F.; Fac, Landbouwwetenschappen",1992,"Effects of Metarhizium anisopliae applications in greenhouse roses to biocontrol the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus","Mededelingen Van De Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Universiteit-Gent, Vol 57, 2a, Pts 1-4","Journal Article",44,null,"523-531",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
[null,"x","no access to paper, no abstract","Beck, D.; Sermann, H.",1996,"Application of entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae on the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus in rose cultures in glasshouse","[Communications from the Federal Biological Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Berlin-Dahlem]","Book Section",321,null,"478-478"]
[null,"x","no access to paper, no abstract","Beck, D.; Sermann, H.",1991,"Biological control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus in roses. Utilization of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. / Biologische bekämpfung des gefurchten dickmaulrüsslers [Otiorhynchus sulcatus] in rosen. Nutzbarmachung des entomopathogenen pilzes Metarhizium anisopliae","Gartenbau Magazin","Journal Article",38,11,"42-43"]
["x",null,null,"Bedding, R. A.; Miller, L. A.",1981,"Use of a nematode, Heterorhabditis heliothidis, to control black vine weevil, Otiorhnychus sulcatus, in potted plants","Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",99,3,"211-&",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Bedding, R. A.; Molyneux, A. S.; Akhurst, R. J.",1983,"Heterorhabditis spp., Neoaplectana spp., and Steinernema kraussei: interspecific and intraspecific differences in infectivity for insects","Experimental Parasitology","Journal Article",55,2,"249-257","The infectivity of several heterorhabditid and steinernematid nematodes to 7 insect species (Adoryphorus couloni, Calliphora vicina, Galleria mellonella, Heliothis punctiger, Lucilia cuprina, Otiorhynchus sulcatus and Sitona humeralis) under similar conditions is reported.Dose-mortality curves are presented for insects exposed to from 1 to 10 000 infective nematodes per insect (1-32 for G. mellonella). The LD50 and LD90 (± 95% limits) were calculated for each parasite-host association using a probit analysis.Comparison of the mortalities of the insects showed G. mellonella to be the most susceptible to all nematode species and strains.Each species and strain of nematode was shown to be able to kill each insect species tested (including L. cuprina and C. vicina). No one species or strain of nematode was found to be most infective to all insect species.G.A. Tingley&lt;new para&gt;ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT:&lt;new para&gt;The effectiveness of various dosages of different species/strains of nematodes was compared for Galleria mellonella and various pest insects that live in or pupate in soil. N. feltiae (=carpocapsae), the only nematode species tested by most other workers, was never the most infective for any of the insect species tested and was least infective for 2. All species/strains of nematode were able to kill insects of each species. The degree of infectivity of each of the nematode species/strains for different hosts varied considerably, and no one species/strain of nematode was the most infective for all insect species. This indicates the importance of testing a number of nematode species against any particular insect before commencing field evaluations for biological control.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x","x","x"]
["x",null,"scored on basis of abstract","Bene, G. del",1984,"Trials on the control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. on Ruscus = Danae racemosa in Tuscany. / Prove di lotta contro \"Otiorhynchus sulcatus\" F. su Ruscus \"Danae racemosa\" in Toscana","Rivista della Ortoflorofrutticoltura Italiana","Journal Article",68,4,"299-306","Acephate (Orthene at 150 g/hl), and chlorpyriphos (Terial at 300 g/hl) sprayed on the aerial parts on five dates (6 June to 31 August) gave results comparable with those of azinphos-methyl which is currently used for black vine weevil control, and fortnightly treatment after the appearance of the weevil is recommended. Cypermethrin, tetrachlorvinphos and chlorfenvinphos were ineffective.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":14},"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"scored on basis of abstract","Bene, G. del; Parrini, C.",1986,"Notes on the biology of species of Otiorrhynchus (Coleoptera Curculionidae) injurious to ornamental plants in nurseries in Tuscany. / Note sulla biologia di specie di Otiorrhynchus (Coleoptera Curculionidae) dannose a piante ornamentali in vivai della Toscana","Redia","Journal Article",69,null,"341-359","Preliminary results are given of surveys conducted in 1985-86 in nurseries in Pistoia, Italy, on the distribution of Otiorhynchus spp. and the damage caused by them on container-grown ornamental plants both in the greenhouse and in the open air. Over 100 species and cultivars in 50 genera (mostly of woody plants) that were found to be susceptible to these weevils are listed. Only O. sulcatus, O. armadillo and O. salicicola were found in appreciable numbers, although 2 other species were present. Economic damage was caused on Camellia japonica, Prunus laurocerasus and Azalea, Rhododendron and Taxus spp. From observations on plants in pots, the life cycles of O. sulcatus and (for the first time) of O. armadillo were determined; both species had 1 generation a year and in the open air the larvae overwintered. Further studies are required on the biology and especially the overwintering of O. salicicola. Foliage damage by the adults, while not as obvious on needle-bearing trees as on other conifers such as Thuja or as on evergreen broad-leaved plants, interfered with their growth; larval feeding on the roots and underground parts of the bark had much more serious consequences for plant growth and vigour. Chemical control, which is reviewed from the literature, appears most practicable against the adults owing to the high resistance of the larvae to many compounds. Alternate applications of acephate, azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos in the spring and summer are suggested, and further work on the possibility of biological control is recommended.",{"$nulls":19},"x","x",null,"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x","x"]
[null,"x","out of scope","Bennett, A. E.; Macrae, A. M.; Moore, B. D.; Caul, S.; Johnson, S. N.",2013,"Early root herbivory impairs arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization and shifts defence allocation in establishing Plantago lanceolata","Plos One","Journal Article",8,6,null,"Research into plant-mediated indirect interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and insect herbivores has focussed on those between plant shoots and above-ground herbivores, despite the fact that only below-ground herbivores share the same part of the host plant as AM fungi. Using Plantago lanceolata L., we aimed to characterise how early root herbivory by the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.) affected subsequent colonization by AM fungi (Glomus spp.) and determine how the two affected plant growth and defensive chemistry. We exposed four week old P. lanceolata to root herbivory and AM fungi using a 2x2 factorial design (and quantified subsequent effects on plant biomass and iridoid glycosides (IGs) concentrations. Otiorhynchus sulcatus reduced root growth by c. 64%, whereas plant growth was unaffected by AM fungi. Root herbivory reduced extent of AM fungal colonization (by c. 61%). O. sulcatus did not influence overall IG concentrations, but caused qualitative shifts in root and shoot IGs, specifically increasing the proportion of the more toxic catalpol. These changes may reflect defensive allocation in the plant against further attack. This study demonstrates that very early root herbivory during plant development can shape future patterns of AM fungal colonization and influence defensive allocation in the plant."]
["x",null,null,"Berry, R. E.; Liu, J.; Groth, E.",1997,"Efficacy and persistence of Heterorhabditis marelatus (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) against root weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in strawberry","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",26,2,"465-470","We compared the efficacy of Heterorhabditis marelatus Liu & Berry, a newly described species of entomopathogenic nematode, with that of H. bacteriophora Poinar against the root weevils, Ptiorhynchus ovatus (L.) and O. sulcatus in strawberry In the laboratory, H. marelatus was significantly more virulent than H. bacteriophora on O. ovatus and O sulcatus 7 d after nematode application at 14 degrees C. In field experiments, H. marelatus applied at concentrations of 52 and 136 infective juveniles (IJs) per square centimeter, reduced root weevil larvae and pupae 75.3 and 77.4%, respectively, 20 d after nematode application. H. bacteriophora applied at concentrations of 128 and 379 IJs per square centimeter reduced root weevils 50.0 and 74.0%, respectively. Both nematode species were detected up to 30 d after application by baiting with Galleria mellonella larvae in soil samples collected from the field.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
[null,"x","no access to article and no abstract","Birch, N.; Gordon, S.",2011,"Beetle and weevil pests of cane fruit crops",null,"Generic"]
["x",null,null,"Blackshaw, R. P.",1996,"Importance of overwintering adults to summer oviposition in Northern Ireland","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"36-40",{"$nulls":21},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Blackshaw, R. P.",1984,"Studies on the chemical control of vine weevil larvae",null,"Journal Article",null,null,"1093-1098","Fourteen insecticides were compared as compost treatments and 9 as soil drenches for the control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus on ornamental plants in nurseries in Northern Ireland in 1982. More drenches than compost treatments gave complete control of weevil larvae. Three insecticides were further examined in 1983 as compost additives for toxicity and persistence. Bacillus thuringiensis failed to exert control; phorate gave control for 8-10 and chlorpyrifos for 16-20 weeks. It was concluded that chlorpyrifos at 100 g/m³ could provide the basis for adequate control.","x",null,null,null,"x","x",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",null,null,"x","x","x",null,"x"]
[null,"x","no access to article and no abstract","Blackshaw, R. P.",1983,"Tests of insecticides against vine weevil larvae","Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars supplement to Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",102,null,"36-37"]
[null,"x","no accesss to article and no abstract","Blackshaw, R. P.",1984,"An evaluation of 3 insecticides as compost treatments for the control of vine weevil larvae in hardy-annual nursery stock","Journal of Horticultural Science","Journal Article",59,4,"559-562"]
[null,"x","no access to article and no abstract","Blackshaw, R. P.",1985,"Tests of controlled-release insecticides for the control of vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae","Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars supplement to Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",null,6,"16-17"]
["x",null,null,"Blackshaw, R. P.",1986,"An evaluation of 7 controlled-release insecticides for the control of vine weevil larvae","Journal of Horticultural Science","Journal Article",61,1,"109-111",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Blackshaw, R. P.",1987,"Studies on the chemical control of vine weevil larvae in hardy-ornamental nursery stock","Journal of Horticultural Science","Journal Article",62,1,"63-66",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Blackshaw, R. P.",1992,"Black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F)) oviposition on polyanthus plants outdoors in Northern Ireland","Journal of Horticultural Science","Journal Article",67,5,"641-646","Vine weevil oviposition was monitored at a site in Northern Ireland from 1983-1986 by collecting eggs from sand layers on top of polyanthus plants. Oviposition started in May/June and terminated in September/November. The mean oviposition period was 22.5 wk and this indicated that overwintering adults made a significant contribution to the total number of eggs laid. Viability of eggs was related to the numbers produced. The results are discussed in relation to meteorological data and it is concluded that the severity of a winter, as measured by the number of days with sub-zero mean temperatures, can influence both the numbers of eggs laid and the date on which oviposition commences.",{"$nulls":20},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Blackshaw, R. P.; Goodwin, T.",2004,"Complex patterns from simple decisions: the emergence of behaviours in Otiorhynchus suicatus F","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",6,4,"285-290","1 Filming the movement of individual adult Otiorhynchus sulcatus in a stimulus-free arena allows the frequency distribution of turning angles to be obtained. Turns are predominantly anti-clockwise and the distribution is dominated by three preferred angles (approximately 50, 130 and 190degrees). 2 The implications of these results are explored through deterministic and stochastic random walk models of fixed step-length. Use of each of these turning angles results in different trajectories, potentially representing different search patterns. 3 The introduction of stochastic variation in the turning angles alters the trajectories and, for the 50degrees turning angle, results in an approximation to published descriptions of spiral and circular search patterns for other insects. 4 This single parameter random walk model is compared with previously published models and it is postulated that, for O. sulcatus, the selection of a turning angle is sufficient to provide a rich repertoire of spatial trajectories.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Blackshaw, R. P.; Oneill, S.",1987,"Chrorpyrifos compost treatment for vine weevil control - growth of ornamental plants compared with an aldrin standard","Journal of Horticultural Science","Journal Article",62,1,"67-69",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":14},"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Blackshaw, R. P.; Thompson, D.",1993,"Comparative effects of bark and peat based composts on the occurence of vine weevil larvae and the growth of containerised polyanthus","Journal of Horticultural Science","Journal Article",68,5,"725-729","A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the effect of inclusion of bark in potting composts on the numbers of vine weevil larvae on polyanthus plants. In 1989 more larvae were recovered from plants grown in peat compost than those grown in bark but these results were reversed when the study was repeated in 1990. Numbers of larvae also increased with higher ratios of bark:peat in composts but declined as the size fraction of bark used increased. The degree to which bark was composted did not appear to materially affect the numbers of vine weevil recovered. A strong, positive, relationship between larval numbers and foliage dry weight was found. Similarly, larval numbers were bigger with greater root development in bark composts. The results are discussed and it is suggested that the use of bark may promote more vigorous growth in polyanthus and thus enable plants to support more larvae.",{"$nulls":16},"x",null,null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"scored using abstract","Blüel, S.; Kaserer, H.",1989,"Investigations on the control of Otiorrhynchus sulcatus F. on vines and ornamental plants. / Untersuchungen zur bekämpfung von Otiorrhynchus sulcatus F. an reben und zierpflanzen","Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg, Rebe und Wein, Obstbau und Früchteverwertung","Journal Article",39,3,"124-129","The injuriousness and control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus on ornamental plants and grapevines are discussed in relation to the biology of the weevil. In control trials in Austria with the entomophilic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. and the insecticide Lannate [methomyl] against larvae on grapes, Taxus and veitschi [Viola], nematode infection on grapes reached 36% in 12 days and increased thereafter; 94% parasitism was found on Viola. With 0.15% Lannate, partial control was achieved on grapes, but no effects were found on the 2 ornamentals.","x",null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
[null,"x","out of  scope","Boff, M. I. C.; Smits, P. H.",2001,"Effects of density, age and host cues on the dispersal of Heterorhabditis megidis","Biocontrol Science and Technology","Journal Article",11,4,"505-514","Agar plate assays were used to assess the effect of density, incubation time and age of nematodes and the presence of insect hosts on the dispersal of infective juveniles (IJs) of Heterorhabditis megidis (strain NLH-E87.3). IJs dispersed faster and further at high densities than at low densities. Dispersal was also influenced by the age of the IJs. Individuals stored for a period of 1.5 and 4.5 weeks showed to be more active than those stored for 2.5 and 3.5 weeks. The presence of a host insect enhanced the dispersion of nematodes. The increasing in the incubation period showed that IJs responded positively to host cues from Galleria mellonella but poorly to cues from Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae."]
["x",null,null,"Boff, M. I. C.; van Tol, R. H. W. M.; Smits, P. H.",2002,"Behavioural response of Heterorhabditis megidis towards plant roots and insect larvae","Biocontrol","Journal Article",47,1,"67-83","The behavioural response of infective juveniles (IJs) of Heterorhabditis megidis (strain NLH-E87.3) to cues from roots of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), thuja (Thuja occidentalis L.) and to larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, was studied. Choice assays were conducted in an Y-tube olfactometer filled with moist sand. Infective juveniles were activated by the presence of intact roots of both strawberry and thuja plants. Some nematodes aggregated in the compartments with roots but most moved away from the roots to the opposite side. Given a choice, IJs showed a preference for strawberry roots above O. sulcatus larvae. No difference in preference was observed between thuja roots and O. sulcatus larvae. The combination of strawberry roots with vine weevil larvae was preferred above roots alone. In the assays with thuja roots and larvae versus thuja roots alone, however, IJs were stimulated to move but showed preference for the opposite compartment away from the arms with roots and larvae. Nematodes responded differently to mechanically damaged roots as opposed to roots damaged by vine weevil larvae. In assays with damaged thuja roots, IJs were most attracted by the roots damaged by larvae, whereas in the strawberry assays IJs showed a clear preference for the mechanically damaged roots. When challenged with a choice between strawberry and thuja roots, IJs moved preferentially to strawberry than to thuja roots. A preference for the combination of strawberry roots plus larvae over the thuja roots plus larvae was also observed.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Boff, M. I. C.; Wiegers, G. L.; Smits, P. H.",2000,"Influences of host size and host species on the infectivity and development of Heterorhabditis megidis (strain NLH-E87.3)","Biocontrol","Journal Article",45,4,"469-482","The infectivity, time to first emergence of infective juveniles (IJs), total number of IJs per insect and IJs body length of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis (strain NLH-E87.3) after development in larvae of two insect hosts, Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) and Otiorhynchus sulcatus (vine weevil) was studied. At a dose of 30 IJs, larvae of G. mellonella show to be significantly more susceptible than O. sulcatus larvae. At a dose of one IJ, vine weevil larvae were more susceptible. The number of invading infective juveniles (IJs) increased with host size while the host mortality at a dose of one IJ decreased with the increase of host size. Time to first emergence was longer at a dose of one IJ per larva and increased with the increase of host size in both insect species. Reproduction of IJs differed between host species, host sizes and doses of nematodes. Generally, the IJs body size increased with an increasing host size. The longest infective juveniles were produced at the lowest IJ doses. Results are discussed in relation to the influence of different host species and their different sizes on the performance of H. megidis (strain NLH-E87.3) as a biological control agent.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Boff, M. I. C.; Wiegers, G. L.; Smits, P. H.",2001,"Influence of insect larvae and plant roots on the host-finding behaviour of Heterorhabditis megidis","Biocontrol Science and Technology","Journal Article",11,4,"493-504","We studied the host-finding and dispersion behaviour of Heterorhabditis megidis (strain NLH-E87.3) in the presence of Galleria mellonella or Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae and strawberry roots. In large Petri dishes (19 cm diameter) filled with moist sand (8% w/w), and incubated at 15 degreesC over 24 h, infective juveniles (IJs) responded positively to the presence of G. mellonella, to roots of a single strawberry plant and to O. sulcatus larvae in direct contact with roots of a single strawberry plant. A neutral or negative response was observed when IJs were presented with only O. sulcatus larvae or a combination of several strawberry plants with O. sulcatus larvae, either in contact or not in contact with the roots. IJs responded strongly to the combination of plant roots and feeding larvae indicating that the tritrophic interaction formed by IJs-O. sulcatus larvae-strawberry plants may be an infochemical-mediated interaction.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Boff, M. I. C.; Wiegers, G. L.; Smits, P. H.",2001,"Host influences on the pathogenicity of Heterorhabditis megidis","Biocontrol","Journal Article",46,1,"91-103","The infectivity of infective juveniles (IJs) of Heterorhabditis megidis (strain NLH-E 87.3) produced on small, medium and large larvae of Galleria mellonella, and on medium and large larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus was tested under laboratory conditions against G. mellonella and O. sulcatus larvae. Infective juveniles originating from small G. mellonella exposed to an initial dose of one IJ were more infectious than those from small cadavers exposed to a dose of 30 IJs. Independent of the initial inoculum size, IJs from small cadavers of G. mellonella were more infectious than those from medium and large cadavers. At a dose of one IJ per larva, IJs originating from medium size O. sulcatus cadavers were more infective against G. mellonella than against O. sulcatus larvae. Large G. mellonella larvae were less susceptible to all IJ batches than medium and small sized larvae.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Boff, M. I. C.; Zoon, F. C.; Smits, P. H.",2001,"Orientation of Heterorhabditis megidis to insect hosts and plant roots in a Y-tube sand olfactometer","Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","Journal Article",98,3,"329-337","The host-searching behaviour of Heterorhabditis megidis strain NLH-E 87.3 in the presence of insect hosts and plant roots, offered individually and in combination, was studied using a newly developed Y-tube olfactometer filled with sand. Within a period of 24 hours infective juveniles (IJs) were significantly attracted to living G. mellonella larvae and caused 100% larval mortality. Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae, however, did not elicit host-oriented movement of IJs and no larval mortality was observed. Roots of strawberry plants induced a negative response in IJs. The combination of strawberry roots and O. sulcatus larvae, however, strongly attracted IJs leading to 37% host mortality. It was shown that this type of Y-tube choice arena is a useful tool in studying the searching behaviour of entomopathogenic nematodes in a semi-natural habitat.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x"]
["x",null,"scored using abstract","Bogatko, W.; Labanowski, G.",1993,"Chemical control of the black vine weevil (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus F.) on ornamental crops","Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research","Journal Article",1,3,"93-101","The effectiveness of 19 pesticides in the chemical control of the black vine weevil (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus) on ornamental crops was evaluated during 1986-1989. Under laboratory conditions the most effective chemicals were diazinon and carbosulfan mixed with potting medium. It was found that the effectiveness of pesticides is decreasing in acid soil. The results of investigations on preventive applications of pesticides as a soil treatment showed that all tested compounds except methamidophos gave a very good control of pest. In the experiments on currative treatment of pesticides in rhododendron seedlings only oxamyl applied as a soil drenching gave a satisfactory control. In similar experiments on containerized stock of taxus the best results were reached with terbufos, diazinon and chlorpyrifos. It was found that carbofuran applied as a soil treatment against larvae and oxamyl applied as a foliar spray against adults allowed to decrease significantly losses of azaleas cultivated in commercial greenhouses.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x","x","x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"scored using abstract","Bogs, D.; Braasch, D.",1982,"The vine weevil (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus F.) on ornamentals in greenhouses and its effective control. / Der gefurchte dickmaulrussler (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus F.) an zierpflanzen in gewachshausbetrieben und seine effektive bekampfung","Nachrichtenblatt fur den Pflanzenschutz in der DDR","Journal Article",36,8,"161-163","The occurrence and biology of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) on greenhouse ornamentals were studied in the German Federal Republic, and several insecticides were tested for its control. Maturation feeding lasted 38-53 days. Damage was caused mainly by larval feeding in the root zone. The developmental cycle of the pest was 1 year, as under field conditions. The larvae hatching from eggs laid during the summer oviposition period (mid-April to September) overwintered. A spray containing 0.1% CKB-1300 [of unstated composition] was effective against the pest when applied at intervals of 2 weeks during the period of adult emergence (mid-March to early June in the greenhouse and mid-May to early August in the field).","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x","x","x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,"scored using abstract","Bogs, D.; Braasch, D.",1988,"Broad-nosed weevils as pests of tree nurseries and herbaceous perennials and their rational control. / Dickmaulrüssler als schädlinge der baumschule und staudengartnerei und ihre rationelle bekämpfung","Nachrichtenblatt für den Pflanzenschutz in der DDR","Journal Article",42,12,"233-236","The food plants of Otiorhynchus sulcatus, O. ovatus and O. raucus in tree nurseries and nurseries for herbaceous plants in the German Democratic Republic are listed. Aspects of the biology of these weevils were examined with a view to efficient control, and insecticides and their application were tested. Insecticides were effective only against the adults. To prevent oviposition, the overwintered beetles should be controlled from mid-April to early May, and young beetles in mid-June, mid-July and mid-August. Focal or area spraying should be carried out in dry warm weather at 3000 litres/ha. Suitable insecticides include Wofatox [parathion-methyl], Filitox [methamidophos], Thiodan [endosulfan] and Actellic [pirimiphos-methyl].","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":14},"x","x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Bomford, M. K.; Vernon, R. S.",2005,"Root weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) and ground beetle (Coleoptera : Carabidae) immigration into strawberry plots protected by fence or portable trench barriers","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",34,4,"844-849","Physical exclusion shows some potential as a novel root weevil control strategy, but barriers to root weevil immigration may also exclude beneficial insects, such as ground beetles. A field study was under-taken in 1997 to assess the impact of two physical barriers-portable plastic trenches and aluminum fences with Teflon tape- on root weevil and ground beetle immigration into plots of strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa (Duchesne). Barypeithes pellucidus (Boheman) and Nemocestes incomptus (Horn), each comprised 43% of the root weevils caught at the site. Most (86%) of the ground beetles caught in control plots were longer than 1 cm, the width of the gap in the portable trench top. Trenches excluded 75 and 63% of B. pellucidus and N. incomptus, respectively, without significantly reducing immigration of large (< 1 cm) ground beetles. Fences excluded 65, 84, and 99% of B. pellucidus, N. incomptus, and large ground beetles, respectively. Adding diatomaceous earth to trenches did not increase their efficacy, and fences without Teflon tape excluded ground beetles but not root weevils. The reduction in the population of root weevils and other strawberry pests caused by the use of barriers reduced damage to strawberry plant leaves and increased strawberry plant survival relative to unprotected control plots. Advantages and disadvantages of these physical control tools are discussed with a view to creating superior tools for root weevil exclusion, compatible with an integrated pest management approach. Portable trenches may offer a means of selectively excluding root weevils but not ground beetles.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Bomford, M. K.; Vernon, R. S.",2005,"Moisture tempers impairment of adult Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) climbing ability by fluoropolymer, talc dust, and lithium grease","Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia","Journal Article",102,null,"13-19","As part of a project to develop tools for the physical exclusion of flightless root weevils, adult black vine weevils (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), were placed in open enclosures with smooth walls of glass, plastic or aluminum to test their ability to escape by climbing. Enclosure walls were left untreated or were treated with substances known to reduce insect climbing ability: fluoropolymer, powdered talc and lithium grease. No BVW escapes were observed under dry conditions, but all treatments allowed some escapes under wet conditions, suggesting that moisture helps BVW adults scale treated surfaces. The results help explain the ability of root weevils to overcome physical barriers under field conditions.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Booth, S. R.; Shanks, C. H.",1998,"Potential of a dried rice/mycelium formulation of entomopathogenic fungi to suppress subterranean pests in small fruits","Biocontrol Science and Technology","Journal Article",8,2,"197-206","The potential of a dried rice/mycelium formulation of three species of entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces farinosus) was assessed according to five criteria: storage life, field efficacy against two subterranean pests of cranberry, persistence and efficacy against first-instar black vine weevil larvae in potted strawberry and field persistence in a cranberry bog. The number of conidia sporulated from the formulation did not decline between 4 and 20 days. In small plot field trials, the numbers of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), were significantly lower in plots treated with 1000 gm(-2) of formulated M. anisopliae than in untreated plots. In similar trials, the numbers of adult cranberry girdler Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller), inside emergence cages were significantly lower on plots treated with the formulated M. anisopliae than on untreated plots. The formulation suppressed first-instar black vine weevil larvae in potted strawberry regardless of the species of entomopathogenic fungus or the post-inoculation interval. M. anisopliae was periodically isolated for up to 637 days from plots in cranberry bogs treated with the formulation. In general, the dried rice/mycelium formulation may be a useful fungal mycopesticide for the management of subterranean pests of small fruits, especially if applied at high rates to areas of serious pest infestation.",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x","x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Booth, S. R.; Tanigoshi, L. K.; Shanks, C. H.",2002,"Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes to manage root weevil larvae in Washington state cranberry, strawberry, and red raspberry","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",31,5,"895-902","The ability of entomopathogenic nematodes to reduce abundance of subterranean root weevils was evaluated in three small fruit crops of Washington State. In cranberry, the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and S. glaseri Steiner applied at 30 IJ (infective juveniles) per square centimeter reduced abundance of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), by 96 or 100% respectively compared with the untreated control. According to a waxmoth [Galleria Mellonella (L.)] bait bioassay, S. carpocapsae persisted at higher levels than S. glaseri (0.48 versus 0.04% infested waxmoth per applied infective juvenile at 30 d after treatment) and for a longer interval (at least 60 d after treatment), but neither species dispersed beyond the treatment plots. At one of two strawberry sites, S. carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis marelatus Liu OH10 significantly reduced the abundance of black vine weevil (all stages) and pupal strawberry root weevil, O. ovatus. (L.), compared with the untreated control. The same treatments were applied at the other site, but only pupal black vine weevils were significantly affected. Neither S. carpocapsae nor H. bacterlophora Poinar significantly reduced the abundance of black vine weevil in two trials conducted in red raspberry. Entomopathogenic nematodes were recovered from larval waxmoth Galleria mellonella baits placed on soil from the red raspberry sites 6 wk after treatment. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes in all trials was likely most limited by cool soil temperatures that are typical to Pacific Northwest small fruit crops during spring when root weevils are in late larval and pupal stages, but soil structure and crop characteristics, particularly dense strawberry foliage and large crowns, were also important.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,null,"x","x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Booth, S. R.; Tanigoshi, L.; Dewes, I.",2000,"Potential of a dried mycelium formulation of an indigenous strain of Metarhizium anisopliae against subterranean pests of cranberry","Biocontrol Science and Technology","Journal Article",10,5,"659-668","We demonstrated that a dried mycelium formulation of an indigenous strain of Metarhizium anisopliae has good potential as an effective biopesticide against the black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), and the cranberry girdler (CG), Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller). The formulation was produced at moderate sired batches scales (similar to 100 g product per batch) using inexpensive and easily, obtainable equipment (< US$1000). Levels of conidiation were consistent among production batches and storage intervals with the product remaining viable for long time periods at 4<degrees>C, in one case for more than a year. Levels of contamination by yeasts and other benign fungi were also consistent. Fewer BVW and CG were found in small plots treated with the dried mycelium formulation than in untreated plots, but differences were not always significant. A waxmoth (Galleria mellonella) bait bioassay demonstrated the formulation remained viable in the soil over long time periods (>7 months). Percentage of M. anisopliae infected waxmoth larvae was significantly affected by rate.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x","x",null,null,"x","x","x"]
["x",null,"tested isothiocyanates against eggs, which are not one of our pest categories","Borek, V.; Elberson, L. R.; McCaffrey, J. P.; Morra, M. J.",1995,"Toxicity of aliphatic and aromatic isothiocyanates to eggs of the black vine weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",88,5,"1192-1196","Plant-derived isothiocyanates are rode to a number of soil organisms; however, the differential toxicity of various isothiocyanates to many soil-borne plant pests has not been determined. We tested the contact toxicity of methyl, propyl, allyl, phenyl, benzyl, and 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanates to eggs of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus(F.). Eggs were collected every 2 d from a colony of field-collected weevils and preconditioned over a 5-d period. To reduce the variability of responses, only eggs with melanized chorions were used for all bioassays. Eggs were clipped into acetone solutions of isothiocyanates for 2 min. Controls were treated with acetone alone. Treated eggs were incubated for 14 d at 24 +/- 2 degrees C and 100% RH. Mortality response curves of black vine weevil eggs were analyzed using probit analysis. AU isothiocyanates tested were toxic to weevil eggs; however, isothiocyanates containing an aromatic moiety (phenyl, benzyl, and e-phenylethyl) were considerably more toxic than aliphatic (methyl, propyl, and allyl) isothiocyanates. Average mortality in acetone-treated controls was <6%. These results suggest that soil amendments of Brassica aromatic isothiocyanates may have greater insecticidal potential than those producing aliphatic isothiocyanates.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",{"$nulls":5},"eggs",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Borek, V.; Elberson, L. R.; McCaffrey, J. P.; Morra, M. J.",1997,"Toxicity of rapeseed meal and methyl isothiocyanate to larvae of the black vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",90,1,"109-112","Soil amendments of Brassica spp. tissues display toxic effects to a number of soil organisms, including insects. However, application rates necessary to obtain effective insect suppression have not been determined. We tested the toxicity of soil amended with rapeseed, Brassica napus L., seed meal or methyl isothiocyanate to black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), larvae. Control treatments included untreated soil and soil treated with detoxified rapeseed meal. Larvae were exposed to treated soil for 24 h; those remaining motionless 30 min after their extraction from soil were recorded as dead. Mortality data were analyzed assuming the probit model. We estimated LC(50s), to be 19 g of rapeseed meal or 6 mg of methyl isothiocyanate per kilogram of soil. Total conversion of rapeseed meal glucosinolates (123 mu mol/g) could produce up to 44.3 mu mol/g of isothiocyanates; however, the actual production was approximate to 15% of the expected value. Lethal concentrations of rapeseed meal necessary for effective control in a nursery or field application may be too high for practical use because of low glucosinolate content in commercially grown rapeseed and canola cultivars. Consequently, Brassica spp. tissues containing higher concentrations of isothiocyanate-generating glucosinolates would have greater insecticidal potential.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"tested isothiocyanates against eggs, which are not one of our pest categories","Borek, V.; Elberson, L. R.; McCaffrey, J. P.; Morra, M. J.",1998,"Toxicity of isothiocyanates produced by glucosinolates in brassicaceae species to black vine weevil eggs","Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","Journal Article",46,12,"5318-5323","Control of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), with allelochemicals produced from glucosinolates may be possible; however, plant-derived isothiocyanates are not readily available for bioassays. Our objective was to predict the toxicity of plant-derived isothiocyanates using a model developed with commercially available compounds. Contact toxicities of 12 organic isothiocyanates were determined by dipping black vine weevil eggs into isothiocyanate solutions. Quantitative relationships between the molecular structure of the isothiocyanates and their toxicities were estimated by regressing lethal concentrations against the compound's respective physiochemical parameters. Isothiocyanate polarity (log octanol/water partition coefficient) had the most significant effect on observed toxicities, whereas electronic and steric characteristics were unimportant. Using this linear structure-activity relationship, we predict that the highest contact toxicities to black vine weevil eggs will result from glucosinolates producing isothiocyanates with higher numbers of carbon atoms or those bearing sulfinyl, thio, or aromatic moieties.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",{"$nulls":5},"eggs",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Bouchard, P.; Lesage, L.; Goulet, H.; Bostanian, N. J.; Vincent, C.; Zmudzinska, A.; Lasnier, J.",2005,"Weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionoidea) diversity and abundance in two Quebec vineyards","Annals of the Entomological Society of America","Journal Article",98,4,"565-574","The wine-making region of southern Quebec in Canada experiences growing conditions that are unique in northeastern North America. After an outbreak of insect pests in 1996, a study of insect groups that may include potential pests or beneficial species was initiated. This article reports on the weevil diversity and abundance during three consecutive years of sampling (1997-1999) in two vineyards. All weevils were collected using pitfall and flight intercept traps. In total, 3,176 specimens were Collected, representing 73 species in three families of Curculionoidea. The family Curculionidae was the most species rich, especially the subfamilies Ceutorhynchinae, Curculioninae, and Entiminae. Four of the species recorded are known to feed on the genus Vitis (Vitaceae) in North America: Madarellus undulatus (Say), Barypeithes pellucidus (Boheman), Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.), and Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.). Of these, O. sulcatus is thought to represent the greatest potential threat based on adult abundance at one of the sites and the negative impact of this species in other wine-making regions in North America. Four species [Ceutorhynchus oregonensis Dietz, Pelenoinus waltoni (Boheman), Rhinoncus perpendicularis (Reiche), and Sphenophorus minimus Hart] are recorded in Quebec for the first time. A significant number of weevils collected during this study are adventive species associated with agroecosystems of northeastern North America.",{"$nulls":20},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x","x"]
[null,"x",null,"Brady, B. L. K.",1979,"Metarhizium flavoviride. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]",null,"Generic",null,null,"Sheet 622-Sheet 622","A description is provided for Metarhizium flavoviride. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Larvae and pupae of the curculionids (weevils), Ceutorrhynchus macula-alba and C. albovittatus, Otiorhynchus sulcatus and soil. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands, Czechoslovakia)."]
["x",null,null,"Brazee, R. D.; Miller, E. S.; Reding, M. E.; Klein, M. G.; Nudd, B.; Zhu, H. P.",2005,"A transponder for harmonic radar tracking of the black vine weevil in behavioral research","Transactions of the Asae","Journal Article",48,2,"831-838","The black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius), is a major economic insect pest for growers of ornamental nursery crops and small fruits. Development of management strategies by entomologists and growers has been hampered by a lack of behavioral information on movement of BVW within agroecosystems. Although insects can be tracked using tag-and-release methods, the BVW is active primarily at night, cannot fly, and can be difficult to relocate. Harmonic radar technology has been used in entomological research and was investigated for applicability to the BVW problem. An insect-mounted, miniature transponder was developed to facilitate location in conjunction with a commercially available harmonic radar transceiver detector The transponder powered by a 0.917 GHz signal from the detector, returns a 1.834 GHz signal when detected. The transponder consists of a Schottky barrier diode with an inductively loaded monopole antenna and is lightweight at about 27% of a BVW body mass. Infield trials, insects were successfully released, relocated, and recovered after several days.",{"$nulls":20},"x",null,"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Bruck, D. J.",2004,"Natural occurrence of entomopathogens in Pacific Northwest nursery soils and their virulence to the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",33,5,"1335-1343","The black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) is the primary insect pest of field and container-grown woody ornamentals in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). These studies were conducted to determine the natural occurrence of soil-borne entomopathogens in PNW nursery soils and determine their virulence to black vine weevil. Soil samples were collected July-September of 2002 from field-grown woody ornamental nursery stock in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Sample collection in each state took place in the major nursery production areas. A total of 280 samples was collected (Oregon, 170; Washington, 50; Idaho, 60). Entomopathogens were isolated using insect baiting (nematodes and fungi) as well as semiselective media (fungi). Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was isolated through sodium acetate selection. Soil-borne entomopathogenic fungi occur widely throughout the major nursery production areas in the PNW. The entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, and Paecilomyces tenuipes (Peck) Samson were isolated. An entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema oregonense Liu and Berry) and B. thuringiensis were also isolated. Of the 30 fungal isolates bioassayed, all but one was pathogenic to last-instar black vine weevil. None of the B. thuringiensis isolates collected were pathogenic to adult black vine weevil. The S. oregonense that were collected only infected a single black vine weevil larvae at 15 and 22degreesC. Pathogens collected from this soil survey will serve as a source of potential biological control agents for black vine weevil.",null,"x","x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x","x","x",null,null,"x",null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Bruck, D. J.",2005,"Ecology of Metarhizium anisopliae in soilless potting media and the rhizosphere: implications for pest management","Biological Control","Journal Article",32,1,"155-163","Wholesale container-grown ornamentals are often maintained at the nursery for at least two growing seasons and are subject to infestation by black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus F., for several months each year. Therefore, a potting media amendment aimed at controlling BVW needs to persist for an extended period of time. These studies were conducted to determine the persistence and ecology of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin incorporated into peat and bark-based potting media with and without a crab meal amendment in container-grown Picea abies 'Nidiformis.' Rooted cuttings of P. abies were planted into potting media amended with M. anisopliae (1 g of formulated product/L; similar to6 log(10) CFU/g dry potting media). The fungal population in bulk potting media was quantitatively determined using selective media at 14, 21, 28, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91, 105, 119, 143, 175, 203, 231, 258, 287 and 342 days. The fungal population in the rhizosphere was quantitatively determined at 203, 231, 258, 287, and 342 days. M. anisopliae colonized the rhizosphere of P. abies and the fungal population in the rhizosphere was significantly greater than in the surrounding bulk media. M. anisophae persisted in the peat and bark-based potting media at 6.22 and 5.74 log(10) CFU/g dry potting media for 342 days, respectively. Bioassays using bark and peat-based potting media inoculated with M. anisopliae at 6 log(10) CFU/g dry potting media resulted in 93.5% and 97.5% infection of last instar BVW, respectively. P. abies roots inoculated with M. anisopliae infected 76% of 2nd-3rd instar BVW. Inoculation of roots with M. anisopliae represents a novel method for delivering entomopathogenic fungi and would greatly reduce application costs. Factors associated with fungal biology outside the host may be more important than virulence in a laboratory bioassay. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Bruck, D. J.",2006,"Effect of potting media components on the infectivity of Metarhizium anisopliae against the black vine weevil (Coleoptera : Curcullonidae)","Journal of Environmental Horticulture","Journal Article",24,2,"91-94","The black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus (E) is a serious pest of nursery crops, particularly in the Pacific Northwest. The fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (F52), has recently been registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for BVW control. The objective of this study was to determine the persistence of M. anisopliae in five common soilless potting media components (coir, fir bark, hemlock bark, peat moss and perlite), which was measured as pathogenicity against BVW larvae. Fungal granules (1/2 lb/yd(3)) were incorporated with each media component at potting and fungal persistence determined for 133 days. Experiments were performed with and without plants to determine if the presence of a plant impacted fungal persistence. Overall, the fungus persisted well in all of the potting media components tested up to 133 days post application. Persistence was somewhat lower in the first experiment, likely due to fluctuating media moisture. In the second experiment, with more stable media moisture levels, the percentage of larval infection did not drop below 88% in any media at 133 days post application. It is likely that M. anisophae will persist well and provide high levels of BVW larval control in most of the commercial potting media used in containerized nursery production, particularly those comprised primarily of the media components tested in these studies.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Bruck, D. J.",2007,"Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae as a curative application for black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus suicatus) infesting container-grown nursery crops","Journal of Environmental Horticulture","Journal Article",25,3,"150-156","The black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) is a serious pest of nursery crops. The fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (F52), is registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for BVW control. The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of a curative drench application of M. anisopliae for controlling BVW larval infestations in container-grown nursery plants and the effect of temperature on the rate of fungal growth and speed of kill. Trials evaluating the efficacy of M. anisopliae as a curative application were performed in the spring of 2004 and 2005 as well as the fall of 2006. Laboratory studies were performed to quantify the impact of temperature (10, 15, 20, 24 and 28C) on fungal growth and speed of kill. Metarhizium anisopliae applied in the greenhouse and outdoors in 2004 were 92 and 30% effective, respectively. Fungal applications to container-grown plant material maintained outdoors in the spring of 2005 were nearly 100% effective 28 days after application. Fall applications in 2006 provided statistically significant reductions in the number of live BVW larve per pot, but were not as effective as spring applications in 2005. The mean media temperature of containers maintained outdoors in the fall of 2006 dropped considerably (10-12C) over the course of the experiment and were likely the cause for the reduced efficacy. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that temperatures below 20C (68F) significantly slowed fungal growth and the speed at which M. anisopliae infected BVW larvae. In the field, drench applications of M. anisopliae were very effective at eliminating BVW larvae in container-grown nursery plants when media temperatures were adequate (> 15C (59F)). The use of M. anisopliae as a curative drench application has similar temperature-dependent limitations as the use of entomopathogenic nematodes for BVW control. Therefore, applications should occur as early in the fall as possible once egg laying has ended or in late spring just prior to pupation when media temperatures would be most conducive to fungal infection.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,"x","x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Bruck, D. J.",2009,"Impact of fungicides on Metarhizium anisopliae in the rhizosphere, bulk soil and in vitro","Biocontrol","Journal Article",54,4,"597-606","The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) is registered in the United States and The Netherlands for black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) control in container-grown ornamentals. These studies were conducted to determine the compatibility of M. anisopliae (F52) with a wide range of fungicides commonly applied to container-grown ornamentals for the management of soil-borne plant pathogens. The impact of fungicides on spore germination and mycelial growth were determined in vitro. In addition, M. anisopliae persistence in bulk and rhizosphere soil was determined 30 days following dual application of each fungicide at 7-28 days intervals as prescribed. A number of fungicides (thiophanate-methyl, dimethomorph, captan, triflumizole, triflozystrobin, pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin) inhibited spore germination in vitro. A larger number of fungicides (fosetyl-AI, thiophanate-methyl, dimethomorph, captan, quintozene, triflumizole, fludioxanil, triflozystrobin, pyraclostrobin, fludiox-mefanox, iprodione, azoxystrobin, phosphorus acid/K-salts) inhibited mycelial growth in vitro. Only three fungicides (etridiazole, propamocard and mafanoxam) had no significant impact in vitro on spore germination or mycelial growth. While a number of fungicides had a detrimental impact in vitro, there was no impact on M. anisopliae populations in bulk soil following dual application of any fungicide. However, the fungicides captan and triflumizolet, which have a short reapplication interval, had a detrimental impact on M. anisopliae populations in the rhizosphere. As researchers develop rhizosphere competence as an alternative management strategy for black vine weevil, the fungicides captan and triflumizole should be avoided.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x"]
["x",null,"review article","Bruck, D. J.",2010,"Fungal entomopathogens in the rhizosphere","Biocontrol","Journal Article",55,1,"103-112","The ecology of fungal entomopathogens in the rhizosphere is an understudied area of insect pathology. The rhizosphere is the region of soil in which the release of root exudates influences the soil microbiota, and may provide a favorable environment for fungal entomopathogens. The objective of this review is to bring together the relatively scant data available to date on the subject of fungal entomopathogens colonizing the rhizosphere and to highlight the importance of these findings. Gaining a better understanding of the ecology of fungal entomopathogens in the rhizosphere will help in the development of successful microbial control strategies against root-feeding insect pests.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Bruck, D. J.; Donahue, K. M.",2007,"Persistence of Metarhizium anisopliae incorporated into soilless potting media for control of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus in container-grown ornamentals","Journal of Invertebrate Pathology","Journal Article",95,2,"146-150","The objective of this study was to determine the persistence of Metarhizium anisopliae (F52), measured as infectivity against black vine weevil larvae, in a soilless potting medium at six wholesale nursery locations across the Willamette Valley, Oregon. A granule formulation (0.30 and 0.60 kg/m(3)) was incorporated into media at planting and fungal persistence determined over two growing seasons. The fungus persisted in the potting media over the duration of the experiment with 50-60% of the larvae exposed to treated media becoming infected at the end of the experiment. The percentage of infected larvae gradually declined from >= 90% on week 3 to 40-60% by week 19. Larval infection rebounded over the fall and winter months of 2004 to 75-80% followed again by a slow decline over the course of the second growing season. Published by Elsevier Inc.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Bruck, D. J.; Shapiro-Ilan, D. I.; Lewis, E. E.",2005,"Evaluation of application technologies of entomopathogenic nematodes for control of the black vine weevil","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",98,6,"1884-1889","Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), is a severe pest of small fruit and nursery crops around the world. These studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis marelatus, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and Steinernema riobrave) applied in infected host cadavers or as aqueous applications for black vine weevil larval control. Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse and outdoors. Application of three infected host cadavers or 40 infective juvenile nematodes (IJs)/cm(2) were made to pots of Impatiens walleriana 5-7 d after larval infestation. Efficacy was assessed at 14 d in the greenhouse and at 14 and 28 d after nematode application in outdoor trials. In the greenhouse, all treatments with the exception the S. riobrave (cadaver and aqueous applications) provided nearly 100% efficacy after 14 d. The S. riobrave applications, although significantly better than the control, only provided 40-70% control and were not included in the outdoor trials. Nematode efficacy was slowed in the outdoor trials particularly in the cadaver applications. In the initial outdoor trial (soil temperatures < 12 degrees C), there were no significant differences between any nematode treatment and the control after 14 d. The nematode efficacy in the initial outdoor trial after 28 d was improved from the 14-d evaluation but not to the level seen in the second trial. In the second outdoor trial, in which soil temperatures were higher (> 12 degrees C), the aqueous applications of H. marelatus and H. bacteriophora provided nearly complete control after 14 d. The cadaver applications also provided nearly complete control in the second outdoor trial after 28 d. Even though the potential total number of IJs estimated per pot was higher in the cadaver-applied treatments, cool soil temperatures apparently delayed or potentially reduced IJ emergence from cadavers resulting in delayed control.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Bruck, D. J.; Solter, L. F.; Lake, A.",2008,"Effects of a novel microsporidium on the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)","Journal of Invertebrate Pathology","Journal Article",98,3,"351-355","A newly discovered microsporidium infecting the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), provisionally placed in the genus Canningia, was studied to determine its impact on O. sulcatus. O. sulcatus populations from several locations were sampled and evaluated for microsporidiosis. A very low prevalence of the disease was observed in all locations surveyed (<3.0%). Laboratory studies were conducted by orally exposing both larvae and adults of O. sulcatus to varying concentrations of Canningia sp. Spores. Larval bioassays at a variety of dosages (0, 10, etc.) were performed to evaluate pathogen infectivity, larval survival and growth. Adult bioassays (dosages: 0, 10, etc.) were performed to evaluate longevity, fecundity and mechanisms of vertical pathogen transmission. Larvae and adults were infected in all spore treatments. Larval growth was significantly reduced at dosages above 10 spores/larva. Adults infected at all dosages experienced high levels of mortality and fecundity was reduced to zero. Greenhouse trials were performed to determine if larvae feeding in soil acquired infections when spores were topically applied as a drench application (0, 10(5), 10(6), 10(7) spores/pot). Established larvae feeding on plant roots in pots developed infections when exposed to drench treatments of 106 and 10(7) spores/pot after 14-21 days. Canningia sp. is an acute pathogen of O. sulcatus infective to both larvae and adults. Topically applied spores also infected larvae feeding on roots in soilless potting media, suggesting the possibility of using this pathogen in a microbial control program. Published by Elsevier Inc.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,"x",null,"x",null,"x","x",null,null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","no access to article and no abstract","Burdajewicz, S.",1986,"Vine weevil - Otiorhynchus (Dorymerus) sulcatus F","Sbornik UVTI (Ustav Vedeckotechnickych Informaci) Ochrana Rostlin","Journal Article",30,8,"10-13"]
["x",null,null,"Butt, T.",2011,"Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae for control of black vine weevil larvae in field grown strawberries",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":5},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Butt, T. M.",2008,"Developement of the entomogenous fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, for control of vine weevil and thrips in horticultural growing media",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":4},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Butt, T. M.; Shah, F. A.; Ansari, M. A.",2008,"Use of entomopathogenic fungi for vine weevil and thrips control","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",39,null,"139-139",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Buxton, J.",1993,"Hardy ornamental nursery stock: chemical control of vine weevil",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":14},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Buxton, J.",1995,"Hardy nursery stock: efficacy and persistence of suSCon green against vine weevil in different growing media",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":14},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Buxton, J.","1996","Determination of vine weevil oviposition sites in nursery stock",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Buxton, J.",1997,"Vine weevil: evaluation of insecticides for control of adult weevils, under controlled conditions",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Buxton, J.",1999,"Evaluation of reduced rates of suSCon green and intercept 5GR when potting on treated liners",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x",{"$nulls":13},"x","x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Buxton, J.",2011,"Evaluation of insecticides for control of adult vine weevil under controlled conditions",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,"x",null,null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Buxton, J. H.",1996,"Current status of vine weevil as a pest in the UK","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"6-11",{"$nulls":22},"x","x","x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Buxton, J. H.; Cross, J. V.; Emmett, B. J.; Saynor, M.",1992,"Control of vine weevil with controlled release chlorpyrifos granules in containerized nursery stock","Brighton Crop Protection Conference : Pests and Diseases - 1992, Vols 1-3: Proceedings","Book",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":14},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Buxton, J.; Pope, T.",2011,"Host plant range of vine weevil",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":23},"x","x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x"]
["x","x","no access to article and no abstract","Caron, J. E. A.",1973,"Control of Otiorrhynchus sulcatus",null,"Generic",null,null,"121-123 + smry.","Describes laboratory tests on adult beetles (direct control of larvae being notoriously difficult), in which various preparations were applied to Rhododendron foliage in mid-summer in order to find a substitute for aldrin, which is about to be withdrawn from nurseries. In addition to aldrin and parathion, applied either as 25% wettable powder at 170 ml or as 2% dust at 2 kg per 100 m2, endosulfan (Thiodan), either 35% at 250 ml or 2% at 2 kg, and methiocarb (Mesurol), 50% at 100 g, had killed all beetles by the 11th day. Dursban 25% at 100 ml and chlorfenvinfos (Birlane) at 160 ml, were much less effective."]
[null,"x","no access to article and no abstract","Casteels, H.; Clercq, R. de",1988,"Chemical control of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus F","Revue De L Agriculture","Journal Article",41,2,"369-376"]
["x",null,"scored using abstract","Casteels, H.; Clercq, R. de",1988,"Observations on weevil pests in nurseries","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent","Journal Article",53,"3a","1169-1174","The occurrence and seasonal activity of curculionids in nurseries in Belgium were studied in 1985-87 using pitfall traps. The pitfalls were placed near nursery plants, namely Taxus sp., Quercus sp. and Corylus sp. in open fields, and Taxus sp., Euonymus sp. and Thuja sp. in containers. Otiorhynchus sulcatus was the most important species in container plants, followed by O. ovatus, O. rugosostriatus and Polydrusus sericeus. In a young plantation of oak and hazel, P. sericeus, and a smaller number of Phyllobius calcaratus, O. sulcatus and O. ovatus were caught. Taxus hedges surrounding nurseries, compost and vegetable waste were focusses of infestation. The time of appearance of these species was largely dependent on climatic conditions (mainly temperature), which in turn were associated with the type of culture (open field or containers).",{"$nulls":20},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Casteels, H.; Clercq, R. de; Miduturi, J. S.",1995,"Phenological observations on the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. in Belgium during the decade 1985 - 1994","Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent","Journal Article",60,"3A","657-661","Pitfall traps were used to study the occurrence and the seasonal activity of Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. in Belgium. The experiments were carried out in open field, container culture and greenhouses. Sample areas included the following nursery plants: Torus, Corylus, Quercus, Azalea, Rhododendron, Euonymus and Thuya. Amongst the trapped arthropods the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. and the green leaf weevil Polydrusus sericeus (Schall) were the two major species, the former being the most dominant. Otiorhynchus ovatus L., Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus Goeze, Phyllobius calcaratus F., Phyllobius oblongus L., Polydrusus pilosus Gredl, Polydrusus prasinus O1 and Barypeithes, Tychius, Ceutorhynchus, Sitona and Homorhythmus species were only found in minor quantities. The time of appearance of Otiorhynchus sulcatus varied from year to year and was largely depending on weather conditions (temperature) and the kind of culture (open field, container-culture and greenhouses).",{"$nulls":19},"x","x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Casteels, H.; Miduturi, J. S.; Moermans, R.; Clercq, R. de",1994,"Laboratory studies on the oviposition and adult-longevity of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus F","Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent","Journal Article",59,"2A","189-195",{"$nulls":18},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Clark, K. E.; Hartley, S. E.; Brennan, R. M.; Jennings, S. N.; McMenemy, L. S.; McNicol, J. W.; Mitchell, C.; Johnson, S. N.",2012,"Effects of cultivar and egg density on a colonizing vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) population and its impacts on red raspberry growth and yield","Crop Protection","Journal Article",32,null,"76-82","Black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) is regarded as a damaging pest of horticultural crops, yet empirical data about its population dynamics and effects on crop yield are largely lacking. This paper reports a four year (2007-2010) field study that simulated colonisation by O. sulcatus in a red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) plantation comprising two cultivars (Glen Ample and Glen Rosa). The study tested whether adult O. sulcatus abundance was affected by cultivar or original egg distribution. Total population estimates were also made using mark and recapture methods. Finally, the effects of O. sulcatus on plant growth and berry yield were quantified. O. sulcatus abundance was significantly higher on Glen Ample than Glen Rosa, with the difference becoming even greater in 2009 compared to 2008. The abundance of O. sulcatus adults on particular plants was not related to original egg density. Mark and recapture based estimates suggested that the overall O. sulcatus population reached 3500 in 2008 and 44,100 in 2009. O. sulcatus abundance on plants was negatively related to plant height. Comparing plants with greatest and lowest O. sulcatus burdens showed that the heavily infested plants had lower shoot and root biomass in both Glen Ample (62% and 60%, respectively) and Glen Rosa (50% and 12%, respectively), significantly smaller berries (5.1 g and 2.8 g, respectively, in Glen Ample and 3.3 g and 2.7 g, respectively, in Glen Rosa) and smaller yields (2.93 kg and 0.99 kg in Glen Ample and 2.80 kg-1.71 kg in Glen Rosa, respectively). While cane fruits like raspberry were thought to tolerate O. sulcatus attack due to extensive root systems, this study suggests that damage can be extensive, particularly on cultivars such as Glen Ample. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",{"$nulls":19},"x",null,"x","x","x",null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Clark, K. E.; Hartley, S. E.; Brennan, R. M.; MacKenzie, K.; Johnson, S. N.",2012,"Oviposition and feeding behaviour by the vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus on red raspberry: effects of cultivars and plant nutritional status","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",14,2,"157-163","1 The vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus is a major pest of horticultural crops worldwide, with root-feeding larvae causing most damage. Adult oviposition aboveground may therefore influence levels of damage as the larvae are relatively immobile after oviposition. 2 The present study investigated feeding and oviposition behaviour on red raspberry Rubus idaeus using intact plants, ensuring that choices reflected the realistic differences in cultivar appearance and chemical composition. Previous studies investigating vine weevil feeding and oviposition on other crops have used excised plant material, which may inadvertently influence behaviour. 3 Adult weevils significantly preferred to feed on particular cultivars in the choice experiment (e.g. Tulameen), although they consumed significantly more foliage (0.221.03 cm2/day) on different raspberry cultivars (e.g. Glen Moy, Glen Rosa and a wild accession) in no-choice situations. 4 In choice experiments, weevils tended to avoid laying eggs on some cultivars (e.g. Glen Moy and the wild accession). The number of eggs laid (1.914.32 eggs per day) did not, however, differ significantly between the cultivars in a no-choice situation. Foliar nitrogen and magnesium concentrations were positively, although weakly, correlated with the total number of eggs laid. 5 The present study highlights the importance of considering both choice and no-choice tests when assessing crop susceptibility to attack because weevils may avoid feeding on certain cultivars (e.g. Glen Moy) when given a choice, although this would cause significant damage to such cultivars if they were grown in monoculture (i.e. when there is no alternative).",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x","x","x",null,"x",null,null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Clark, K. E.; Hartley, S. E.; Brennan, R. M.; MacKenzie, K.; Johnson, S. N.",2012,"Investigating preference-performance relationships in aboveground-belowground life cycles: a laboratory and field study with the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus)","Bulletin of Entomological Research","Journal Article",102,1,"63-70","The preference-performance hypothesis has principally considered insect herbivores with aboveground lifecycles, although the hypothesis could be equally relevant to insects with life stages occurring both aboveground and belowground. Moreover, most studies have focussed on either laboratory or field experiments, with little attempt to relate the two. In this study, the preference-performance hypothesis was examined in an aboveground-belowground context in the laboratory using the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and two cultivars of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), Glen Rosa and Glen Ample. A two-year field study (2008-2009) was also undertaken to characterise the population dynamics of adult weevils on the two raspberry cultivars. Larval performance (abundance and mass) differed significantly between Glen Rosa and Glen Ample, with Glen Rosa resulting in 26% larger but 56% fewer larvae compared to Glen Ample. Larval abundances were significantly and positively correlated with root nitrogen and magnesium concentrations, but negatively correlated with root iron. However, concentrations of these minerals were not significantly different in the two cultivars. Adult weevils did not preferentially select either of the two cultivars for egg laying (laying 3.08 and 2.80 eggs per day on Glen Ample and Glen Rosa, respectively), suggesting that there was no strong preference-performance relationship between adult vine weevils and their belowground offspring. Field populations of adult vine weevils were significantly higher on Glen Ample than Glen Rosa, which may reflect the higher larval survival on Glen Ample observed in laboratory experiments.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,"x","x","x","x",null,null,null,"x","x",null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Clark, K. E.; Hartley, S. E.; Johnson, S. N.",2011,"Does mother know best? The preference-performance hypothesis and parent-offspring conflict in aboveground-belowground herbivore life cycles","Ecological Entomology","Journal Article",36,2,"117-124","2. This study investigated the factors influencing the performance of the root-feeding vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) larvae and whether this was linked to the oviposition behaviour of the maternal adult living aboveground. 3. Maternal insects feeding aboveground reduced root biomass by 34% and increased root carbon by 4%. Larvae feeding on plants subjected to aboveground herbivory had reduced mass. Irrespective of the presence of maternal herbivory, larval mass was positively correlated with root biomass. 4. Larval mass was also reduced by conspecific larvae, previously feeding on roots (19% reduction). However, the mechanism underpinning this effect remains unclear, as in contrast to maternal herbivory aboveground, prior larval feeding did not significantly affect root biomass or root carbon concentrations. 5. Maternal insects did not distinguish between plants infested with larvae and those that were free of larvae, in terms of their egg-laying behaviour. Conversely, maternal insects tended to lay eggs on plants with smaller root systems, a behaviour that is likely to negatively affect offspring performance. 6. The PPH is not supported by our findings for the polyphagous vine weevil feeding on the host plant raspberry (Rubus idaeus), and in fact our results suggest that there is the potential for strong parent-offspring conflict in this system.",{"$nulls":19},"x",null,"x","x","x",null,"x",null,"x",null,null,"x","x"]
[null,"x","no access to article and no abstract","Clark, S.; Gilrein, D.",1991,"Taxus Taxus-media hatfieldii black vine weevil BVW Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. chemical control of the black vine weevil 1990","Insecticide and Acaricide Tests","Journal Article",null,null,"259-260"]
[null,"x","no access to article and no abstract","Coghill, K. J.; Light, W. I. St G.",1981,"Wingless weevils",null,"Generic",null,null,"8","'Wingless weevils' is a convenient name for certain medium to large weevils that are unable to fly. They are found throughout the UK, occurring naturally in heaths and woodland. Several species are pests of cultivated plants. Strawberry roots and crowns are damaged by larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), O. clavipes (Bonsd.), O. rugosostriatus (Goeze), O. rugifrons (Gylh.), O. ovatus (L.) and Sciaphilus asperatus (Bonsd.). Other fruit (tree, bush and cane) and hops, especially in young plantations, are damaged by adult weevils that gnaw grafts, stems, buds and leaves; O. singularis (L.) is usually responsible for such injury. Black currants are also damaged underground by larvae of O. sulcatus, whereas the main damage to hops is by larvae of Plinthus caliginosus (F.). Pot plants under glass are damaged below soil level by larvae of O. sulcatus. Ornamental plants outdoors are also attacked; the roots are injured by larvae, the leaves and stems by adults. In this revised leaflet, the authors give information on the life-history, injuriousness and control of such pests."]
["x",null,null,"Cone, W. W.",1968,"Black vine weevil larval damage to concord grape roots at different population densities","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",61,null,"1220-1224",{"$nulls":19},"x",null,null,"x","x","x",{"$nulls":9},"x"]
[null,"x","out of scope","Coremans-Pelseneer, J.",1994,"Laboratory tests on the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",17,10,"147-155","Methods used in testing programmes to assess fungal sensitivity to pesticides are presented and discussed. Particular emphasis is given to points related to fungal biology and persistence. The efficiency of the techniques is evaluated and their pertinence discussed. Some limitations intrinsic to laboratory work are reviewed which have to be considered when choosing one particular strain out of all the possible isolates. Two strains pathogenic against Otiorhynchus sulcatus were selected: Beauveria brongniartii and Metarhizium anisopliae."]
["x",null,"scored using abstract","Coremans-Pelseneer, J.; Nef, L.",1986,"Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera): larval control by the fungus Beauveria (first results)","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent","Journal Article",51,"3a","1049-1056","This paper was presented at the XXXVIII International Symposium on Crop Protection. In laboratory trials with various dosages of spores of Beauveria brongniartii and B. bassiana at different temperatures, strains of these fungi were sufficiently pathogenic to larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus to hold promise as biological control agents against the curculionid.",null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Coremans-Pelseneer, J.; Tillemans, F.",1991,"Saprophytic persistence and reisolates pathogenicity of Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc) Petch","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent","Journal Article",56,"2a","211-214","The persistence and pathogenicity of a microbial pesticide based on the entomogenous fungus Beauveria brongniartii and used against Otiorhynchus sulcatus in Belgium were monitored for several years. Percolation in soil was observed up to a depth of 25 cm, with the same number of conidia being recovered at each depth. Persistence was good at 16°C. Temperature and humidity played a large part in fungal persistence. Strains reisolated from the soil had similar pathogenicity to that of the original strain applied.",null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,"scord using abstract","Coremans-Pelseneer, J.; Tillemans, F.; Lempereu, J. M.",1989,"Soil persistence of Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch (Hyphomycete)","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent","Journal Article",54,"2b","597-599","In laboratory studies related to the control of the curculionid Otiorhynchus sulcatus on ornamental plants, the viability of the entomogenous fungus Beauveria brongniartii in the soil remained high after one year. The fungus could still be found after 3 years.",null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Cowles, R. S.",1996,"Vine weevils adulticides","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"113-117",null,"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","scored using abstract","Cowles, R. S.",1997,"Several methods reduce insecticide use in control of black vine weevils","Frontiers of Plant Science","Journal Article",49,2,41731,"In a test with 16 container-grown azaleas [Rhododendron], infested with 10 fully-grown larvae of the black vine weevil [Otiorhynchus sulcatus], half of the pots were treated with Steinernema carpocapsae and half with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (at 10 000 nematodes per pot). After 14 days, mortality was 68% for S. carpocapsae and 83% for H. bacteriophora. Field tests in 1994 in Connecticut, USA, showed that barriers composed of sheets of aluminium and lubricated with lithium grease prevented the flightless adults from reaching plants. A field trial in 1996 in strawberries showed that while foliar sprays with cryolite and fipronil (at 20 and 0.14% active ingredients, respectively), which also kill beneficial insects, caused no significant mortality to the pest, the same insecticides incorporated into dried apple pomace (the waste remaining after apples are pressed to make cider) as bait caused significant reductions in pest density.","x",null,"x",null,"x",null,null,"x","x",null,null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x","x","x",null,"x","x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Cowles, R. S.",2001,"Protecting container-grown crops from black vine weevil larvae with bifenthrin","Journal of Environmental Horticulture","Journal Article",19,4,"184-189","Preplant incorporation of Talstar 0.2G (bifenthrin) can prevent root weevil and white grub infestations in container-grown nursery crops. Under some conditions, control failed in greenhouse experiments with black vine weevils. A low-density potting medium with 10 ppm of bifenthrin allowed 14-66% as many black vine weevil larvae to develop on Astilbe, Heuchera, Sedum, Taxus, and Thuja root systems as in an untreated medium. The greatest larval survival was in Sedum, which supported rapid development of larvae as internal feeders. A preplanting dip of roots into an 800 ppm bifenthrin suspension was itself very effective (91-99% control of larvae), and provided additive benefit with preplant potting mix incorporation of Talstar 0.2G. In a comparison of bulk-density based dosing and volume-based dosing of potting media, the best regression model used solely the volume-based dosage for estimating the resulting average larval population, while the weight-based dosage gave a simple relationship for estimating the maximum larval survival. Preventing black vine weevil development requires incorporation of 32 ppm of the granular bifenthrin product into potting media.","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",{"$nulls":12},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
[null,"x","no access, abstract not informative, rview article","Cowles, R. S.",2003,"Practical black vine weevil management","American Rhododendron Society Journal","Journal Article",57,4,"219-221, 224","The chemical, cultural, physical and biological control of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus), a serious pest of Rhododendron spp., in nurseries and landscapes is discussed."]
["x",null,null,"Cowles, R. S.",2004,"Susceptibility of strawberry cultivars to the vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",6,4,"279-284","1 The feeding preference of vine weevil, Oliorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius), adults for foliage from 21 commercial cultivars of strawberries is investigated using binary choice tests with leaf disks, using 'Honeoye' as a standard against which all other cultivars are compared. 'Delmarvel', 'Idea', 'Lester', 'Primetime' and 'Seneca' are not preferred. 2 Variation in leaf nitrogen content is correlated with feeding preference, but does not explain all the variation, because outliers exist for both preferred and nonpreferred cultivars. 3 Removal of leaf hairs with adhesive tape permits their role in deterrence to be evaluated. Eight of the 21 cultivars have deterrent leaf hairs. Paradoxically, some highly preferred cultivars (e.g. 'Latestar' and 'Tristar') have deterrent leaf hairs, and four of the five nonpreferred cultivars lack significantly deterrent leaf hairs. 4 The 21 tested cultivars do not differ in their suitability for vine weevil larval development. 5 Differences in cultivar susceptibility to vine weevil in the field may involve interactions between the palatability and nutritional value of foliage, which influence fecundity and egg placement, and the tolerance of strawberry plants to larval feeding, determined by root biomass. The nonpreference traits found in the foliage of commercial cultivars of strawberry are present by chance. Accordingly, further selective breeding to enhance strawberry varietal tolerance to vine weevils may be possible.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Cowles, R. S.",2004,"Impact of azadirachtin on vine weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) reproduction","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",6,4,"291-294","1 The dose-response of azadirachtin on vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius), reproduction is investigated by confining adults to feed on treated Taxus x media leaves, and by counting and evaluating development in the resulting eggs. 2 A dosage-dependent reduction in oviposition is discovered for foliar surface residues of azadirachtin, with an EC50 of 25-50 parts per million (p.p.m) and 99.2% inhibition of viable egg production with 100 p.p.m. 3 Switching weevils from treated to untreated foliage allows reproductive capability to be restored for weevils that cease egg laying after azadirachtin exposure of 50 p.p.m. Weevils that had already started laying eggs in untreated groups soon cease oviposition once switched to azadirachtin-treated foliage. 4 A transovarial effect results in a decrease in the percentage of viable eggs as the azadirachtin concentration increases. 5 The amount of feeding on foliage does not appreciably decrease at these hormonally effective concentrations, and adult weevil mortality is only slightly greater in the azadirachtin-treated groups. Therefore, the overall effect of azadirachtin on weevil populations in the field is difficult to assess, except by collecting weevils to determine whether they are able to lay viable eggs.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,"x",null,"x",null,"x","x","Strawberry","x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x"]
[null,"x","Review only","Cowles, R. S.; Polavarapu, S.; Williams, R. N.; Thies, A.; Ehlers, R. U.",2005,"Soft Fruit Applications","Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents","Book Section"]
["x",null,null,"Coyle, D. R.; Clark, K. E.; Raffa, K. F.; Johnson, S. N.",2011,"Prior host feeding experience influences ovipositional but not feeding preference in a polyphagous insect herbivore","Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","Journal Article",138,2,"137-145","Black vine weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), are globally-distributed polyphagous pests of many horticultural crops. We investigated how adult weevils were affected by host switching and, in particular, how host plant species nutritional and defensive chemistry affected subsequent host plant species selection and oviposition. Adults were fed one of three host plant species, blackcurrant [Ribes nigrum L. (Grossulariaceae)], raspberry [Rubus idaeus L. (Rosaceae)], or strawberry [Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne (Rosaceae)], throughout their pre-reproductive periods and then subjected to behavioral choice assays with these plants. Foliar chemistry differed significantly among the three host plant species. Compared to raspberry and strawberry foliage, blackcurrant foliage was 13% lower in nitrogen, 3% higher in carbon, and 28% higher in phenolic compounds. Initial host plant species had a significant effect on weevil mortality, with more weevils dying when previously fed blackcurrant (12%) than strawberry (3%) or raspberry (0%) regardless of subsequent host. Initial host plant species also affected oviposition, with weevils laying only ca. two eggs per week when previously fed blackcurrant, compared to those on raspberry or strawberry (ca. 11 and 15 eggs per week, respectively). When given a choice, weevils discriminated among host plant species and tended to oviposit on plants on which they had previously fed, even when the plant was nutritionally inferior for egg production and adult survival. In contrast, feeding behavior was only affected by the current host plant species. Feeding and oviposition were related to leaf chemistry only in blackcurrant, as leaf consumption was negatively correlated with foliar carbon and zinc concentrations, and positively correlated with foliar phosphorus and potassium concentrations.",{"$nulls":19},"x",null,null,"x","Fruit",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Cram, W. T.",1958,"Gross anatomy and growth of the reproductive system of the black vine weevil, Brachyrhinus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Canadian Entomologist","Journal Article",90,null,"569-579",{"$nulls":18},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Cram, W. T.",1965,"Fecundity of the root weevils Brachyrhinus sulcatus and Sciopithes obscurus on strawberry in the laboratory and outdoors","Canadian Journal of Plant Science","Journal Article",45,null,"169-176",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,"x",null,"x","Strawberry",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Cram, W. T.",1970,"Incongruity between larvae and adults in the acceptability of highbush blueberry-D cultivars by the black vine weevil","Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia","Journal Article",67,null,"17-17"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Cram, W. T.",1970,"Unacceptability of cultivars of highbush blueberry-D by adult black vine weevils Coleoptera Curculionidae","Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia","Journal Article",67,null,"3-6"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Cram, W. T.",1970,"Acceptability of cultivars of highbush-D at varying temperatures by adult black vine weevils Coleoptera Curculionidae","Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia","Journal Article",67,null,"6-7"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Cram, W. T.",1971,"The black vine weevil on highbush blueberry","Canada Agriculture","Journal Article",16,null,"36-37","The life-history of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), and the symptoms of damage that it causes to blueberry in Canada are described. The adult weevils were reluctant to feed on the leaves of the Weymouth and Cabot varieties and died without laying eggs, but the larvae attacked these as readily as other varieties susceptible to all stages of the pest. Malathion dusts or sprays are recommended for controlling the adults."]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Cram, W. T.",1978,"The effect of root weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on yield of five strawberry cultivars in British Columbia","Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia","Journal Article",75,null,"10-13","To determine the effect of root weevils on strawberry yield, 5 cultivars (Totem, Shuksan, Northwest, Cheam and BC-25) were infested in the field in British Columbia in 1971 with 2 or 8 adults/plant of 1 of 4 species of weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), O. ovatus (L.), Sciopithes obscurus Horn, Nemocestes incomptus (Horn)). Plastic barriers were used to contain and exclude the flightless adults. There were no significant differences in yield between plants with different weevil infestations in the first cropping season. In the second year, plants that had been infested with O. sulcatus at 8 adults/plant produced significantly less fruit than those in all other infestations. Within this plot, Totem and Cheam produced significantly more fruit than the other cultivars. In the third year, most of the infested plots produced significantly less fruit than the uninfested one. The plot with N. incomptus at 2/plant was the most severely damaged in the third season. The cultivars Totem and Cheam were usually the most tolerant and Northwest and BC-25 the most susceptible to all the weevils. The tolerance of Totem to attack by O. sulcatus, the main root weevil species, was probably related to the ability of the plant to produce and regenerate a large supply of roots.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,null,null,"x","x","x","Strawberry","x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Cram, W. T.",1980,"Fecundity of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus Coleoptera Curculionidae fed foliage from some current cultivars and advanced selections of strawberry in British Columbia Canada","Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia","Journal Article",77,null,"25-26","Adults of the black vine weevil, O. sulcatus (F.), kept individually in plastic vials in the laboratory were fed foliage picked from strawberry cultivars or selections in 1 field of the British Columbia strawberry breeding program at Abbotsford. The source of foliage had no significant influence on preoviposition period, weight gain or amount of foliage consumed. There were significant differences in the number of eggs laid during a 10-wk period and in the number of larvae that hatched. The fewest eggs were laid and larvae hatched when weevils fed on the new 'Tyee' and the selection BC 73-9-79. The other foliage sources in order of increasing numbers of eggs were BC 70-22-82, Totem, BC 69-5-34, Shuksan and BC 70-20R-15.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Strawberry","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Cram, W. T.; Daubeny, H. A.",1982,"Responses of black vine weevil adults fed foliage from genotypes of strawberry, red raspberry, and red raspberry-blackberry hybrids","Hortscience","Journal Article",17,5,"771-773",{"$nulls":5},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","Soft fruit","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Cranshaw, W. S.; Zimmerman, R. J.",1990,"Parasitic pals","American Nurseryman","Journal Article",172,10,"65-71","The use of the entomophilic nematodes, Neoaplectana and Heterorhabditis for control of a wide variety of soil insects in nurseries is discussed. Most of the research done with nursery stock pests has involved the control of black vine weevil [Otiorhynchus sulcatus] larvae. High levels of control were demonstrated when various Heterorhabditis spp. were applied to container-grown nursery stock susceptible to the weevil. Neoaplectana spp. have been used successfully to control certain clear wing borers [Sesiidae]. The effect of certain environmental conditions and the application of insecticides on fungicides on these nematodes are discussed.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Crook, A. M. E.",1996,"A monoclonal antibody technique for investigating predation on vine weevil in soft fruit plantations","Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests & Diseases - 1996, Vols 1-3","Book",null,null,null,"In three separate fusions, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was raised against the vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus for use in studying predation on the eggs, larvae and adults of this species by polyphagous predators. Some of the MAbs recognised egg or adult antigens, and others two or three developmental stages. The MAbs did not cross-react with predatory arthropod species. This paper describes the development of these monoclonal antibodies and discusses their role in evaluating the consumption of vine weevil by native polyphagous predators found in soft fruit plantations.",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x","x","Soft fruit"]
["x",null,null,"Crook, A. M. E.; Keane, G.; Solomon, M. G.",1996,"Production and selection of monoclonal antibodies for use in detecting predation on vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Diagnostics in Crop Production: BCPC symposium proceedings no. 65: proceedings of a symposium","Book Section",null,null,"287-292",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x","x","Soft fruit"]
["x",null,null,"Crook, A. M. E.; Solomon, M. G.",1996,"Detection of predation on vine weevil by natural enemies using immunological techniques","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"86-90",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x","x","Soft fruit"]
[null,"x","Not relevant","Cross, J.",2003,"Intergrated control of thrips on strawberries",null,"Generic"]
["x",null,null,"Cross, J. V.; Burgess, C. M.",1997,"Localised insecticide treatment for the control of vine weevil larvae (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) on field-grown strawberry","Crop Protection","Journal Article",16,6,"565-574","Three field experiments at Horticulture Research International (HRI), Efford, in 1992, 1994 and 1995, showed that the incorporation of controlled-release chlorpyrifos granules (78-208 g a.i. m(-3)) into the compost of the propagation modules of strawberry plants gave significant control of vine weevil larvae in the field. Better control (approximately 90%) was achieved when field planting was in early August so that the root system was small at the time of egg infestation, than following planting in mid-May (approximately 50% control) where a much larger root system had grown. Control was as good where the treated modules had a compost volume of 80 ml as where the volume was 230 ml. Better control occurred when eggs used for artificial infestation were placed close to the crown of the plant than when placed 15 cm away. In a replicated field experiment at Hinton Admiral, Hampshire, in 1994, pre-planting spot, band or whole-bed soil treatment of raised-bed, polythene mulched plants (planted as bare-root runners) with the chlorpyrifos granules (at 52 or 104 g a.i. m(-3)) did not reduce the numbers of larvae significantly. In a further field experiment at HRI East Malling in 1994, treatment of a 15 cm diameter by 15 cm deep cylinder of soil round each plant (at 104 g a.i. m(-3)) did not significantly affect larval numbers. Pre-planting spot treatment with imidacloprid granules (125 g a.i. ha(-1)) or a curative drench (at the same dose) was not efficacious, though good control was achieved with a standard curative drench of chlorpyrifos (13.1 kg a.i. ha(-1)). The survival of vine weevil eggs and of young larvae was low (less than 9%), circumstantial evidence pointing to soil type and condition as being important determining factors. Lighter soils with a structure allowing easy movement of larvae appeared to be more favourable for the survival of the pest. Where adults were caged round strawberry plants with the surrounding surface soil replaced by sand in the field, most eggs (more than 79%) occurred in the top 0-1 cm of sand, 50% being found on or close to the surface (0-0.2 cm depth) in one experiment. Eggs were aggregated weakly round a single non-mulched plant, but there was little evidence of such aggregation round plants grown in polythene-mulched, raised beds. Survival to the semi-mature larval stage from eggs placed on, or 2 cm below, the soil surface 15 cm from the crown of the plant was as great as for eggs placed on, or 2 cm below, the surface adjacent to the crown. Larvae were shown to migrate towards the crown of the plant during their development. Implications for the optimum placement of insecticide granules are discussed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.","x","x","x",null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x",null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Cross, J. V.; Buxton, J. H.; Jacobson, R.; Richardson, D. M.",1995,"Chemical control of vine weevil larvae on container-grown hardy ornamental nursery stock 1986-1989","Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",127,3,"533-542","In a search for alternatives to the former standard aldrin compost incorporation treatment for control of vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) larvae on container-grown hardy ornamental nursery stock, a series of 87 tests of insecticides were done at four experimental centres of the ADAS (Leeds, Reading, Wolverhampton and Wye) from 1986 to 1989. Insecticidally-treated plants and untreated controls were artificially infested with vine weevil eggs at varying intervals before and after treatment, and the survival of the pest was assessed. Aldrin treatment gave consistent and excellent preventive control of vine weevil larvae for over 2 years. Of the candidate materials tested, a slow-release granular formulation of chlorpyrifos incorporated into compost at a dose rate of 100 g a.i. m(-3) of compost gave good control for up to 34 wk after treatment (the longest period evaluated) and a micro-encapsulated slow release formulation of fonofos incorporated at a dose rate of 43.3 g a.i. m(-3) usually gave good control for up to two years (the longest period evaluated). Surface applications of these two organophosphates or of carbofuran granules, though sometimes effective, were unreliable as either preventive or remedial treatments even for short term control.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","Review only","Cross, J. V.; Easterbrook, M. A.",1998,"Prospects for integrated management of blackcurrant pests","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",21,10,"55-61","Integrated pest management strategies are very poorly developed for blackcurrant, mainly because of the need for frequent application of sprays of broad-spectrum acaricides to control blackcurrant gall mite [Cecidophyopsis ribis], the vector of reversion disease [black currant reversion virus], the main limiting factor in the life of blackcurrant plantations. The breeding of new blackcurrant cultivars resistant to gall mite or to reversion disease by the Scottish Crops Research Institute offers the first realistic prospect for the development of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies for the crop and a significant reduction in pesticide use. Prospects for development of IPM methods for the four most important blackcurrant pests (gall mite, leaf midge, Dasineura tetensi, vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus and spider mites, Tetranychidae) are appraised. For gall mite, the use of a resistant cultivar is a requisite. Additionally, early season application of sprays of sulphur may be beneficial and protect the resistance from breakdown. A model that predicts the migratory activity of the mite as an aid to timing of sprays is being developed at HRI-East Malling. Inspection of plantations and roguing of infested or infected bushes may still be required. For blackcurrant leaf midge opportunities are more restricted. Although midge-resistant cultivars have been developed, the gall mite or reversion resistant cultivars available currently are not midge-resistant. There is little choice but to control the pest with a broad-spectrum organophosphorus (OP) insecticide. Of the effective materials available, phosalone is the most selective and the least harmful to bees. A phenological forecasting model that predicts the emergence of adults in spring to aid timing of sprays has been developed at HRI-East Malling. For vine weevil there are good prospects of control with low temperature strains of entomopathogenic nematodes, though these are not yet commercially available. For spider mites, natural populations of phytoseiid predatory mites, especially those that are resistant to OP insecticides, should thrive if broad-spectrum acaricides are not applied for gall mite. The introduction of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis could also be considered, but its effectiveness on blackcurrants has not been established."]
[null,"x","Review only","Cross, J. V.; Easterbrook, M. A.; Crook, A. M.; Crook, D.; Fitz Gerald, J. D.; Innocenzi, P. J.; Jay, C. N.; Solomon, M. G.",2001,"Review: Natural enemies and biocontrol of pests of strawberry in northern and central Europe","Biocontrol Science and Technology","Journal Article",11,2,"165-216","The natural enemies of the more important arthropod, nematode and mollusc pests of strawberry in northern and central Europe and their use as biocontrol agents are reviewed. Most pests of strawberry are polyphagous and they and their natural enemies occur on other host plants (especially Rosaceae) as well as on other crops. Strawberry cultivation methods, including protected cultivation and other methods of extending the fruiting season, soil sterilization, polythene mulching and pesticide spray programmes have profound influences on the pest and natural enemy complex, though such effects have not been quantified adequately. All the pests of strawberry reviewed have natural enemies, though some pests (e.g. capsid bugs) have few. A few natural enemy groups are known to act as important natural limiting factors in pest population development in commercial strawberry crops. Two examples are naturally-occurring phytoseiid predatory mites which regulate pest mite populations, and predatory carabid beetles which regulate root weevil populations. Apart from the introduction of predatory phytoseiid mites to control two-spotted spider mite, biocontrol is not widely used in commercial practice. Other biocontrol approaches are known to be efficacious, but are too costly in comparison with conventional insecticides for commercial adoption (e.g. nematodes for slug control). Several biocontrol approaches have been researched and have potential for further development and exploitation and there is considerable opportunity to develop new approaches. Research effort should concentrate on those for common pests, which are controlled currently by frequent sprays of broad-spectrum insecticides, e.g. aphids, blossom weevil, capsids and vine weevil. As strawberry is often grown as an annual or short-term perennial crop, exploiting natural populations of natural enemies is difficult. More effort needs to be devoted to the development of microbial and nematode biocontrol agents, which can be used as biopesticides. Protected cultivation of strawberry provides more favourable conditions for exploitation of biocontrol including introduction of insect predators and parasites."]
[null,"x","Not relevant","Cross, J; Fitzgerald, J.; Down, G",2005,"Aphids and their control on strawberry",null,"Generic"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Čuljak, T. G.; Juran, I.",2009,"Weevil pests of grape vines. / Pipe štetne vinovoj lozi","Glasilo Biljne Zaštite","Journal Article",9,5,"369-374","Information is provided on distribution in various regions of Croatia, morphology, biology and harmfulness to grape vines of the weevils Otiorhynchus ligustici, O. lavandus, O. alutaceus, O. alutaceus a. vittatus, O. corruptor, O. cardiniger and Byctiscus betulae. Brief details are also given of physical and chemical methods for controlling each species."]
["x",null,null,"Curran, J.",1990,"Influence of application technique on the field efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes to control black vine weevil larvae Otiorhynchus sulcatus on strawberries","Nematologica","Journal Article",36,4,"342-342",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Curran, J.",1992,"Influence of application method and pest population size on the field efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes","Journal of Nematology","Journal Article",24,4,"631-636","Application method had an appreciable effect on the efficacy of Heterorhabditis sp. (isolate T390) in reducing the numbers of Otiorhynchus sulcatus infesting field-grown strawberries. Results were related to nematode placement. In Trial 1, the mean weevil mortality was 36% for trickle-irrigated Steinernema sp. (isolate NC513) at a dose of 100,000 nematodes per plant, whereas the same dose of Heterorhabditis sp. (isolate T390) resulted in mortality of 65% and 86% for trickle-irrigated and surface-sprayed nematodes, respectively. Mortality rate (y) was inversely related to initial weevil population size (x) by y = 4.96x-0.957 and y = 4.71x-0.558 for trickle-irrigated Steinernema sp. (isolate NC513) and Heterorhabditis sp. (isolate T390), respectively. In Trial 2, using 100,000 Heterorhabditis sp. (isolate T390) per plant, mean weevil mortalities were 61%, 63%, and 79% for single-injection, irrigation, and multiple-injection techniques, respectively.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Curran, J.; Patel, V.",1988,"Use of trickly irrigation system to distribute entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda, Heterorhabditidae) for the control of weevils pests (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) of strawberries","Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture","Journal Article",28,5,"639-643",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry","x"]
[null,"x","Review only","Daar, S.",1991,"IPM for the black vine weevil on ornamental plants","IPM Practitioner","Journal Article",13,null,"1-5","Elements of a suggested integrated pest management programme for Otiorhynchus sulcatus, a pest of a wide range of herbaceous and woody ornamental plants in North America and Europe, are summarized, emphasizing cultural, physical and biological techniques. O. sulcatus biology, identification and damage, monitoring techniques (including trap types), the use of resistant varieties, sticky barriers and biological and chemical control methods are discussed."]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Dawson, L. A.; Byers, R. A.",2008,"Methods for studying root herbivory","Root Feeders: An Ecosystem Perspective","Book"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Deseö, K. V.; Costanzi, M.",1987,"Use of nematodes pathogenic to insects against the larvae of weevils injurious to flowering and ornamental crops. / Impiego di nematodi entomoparassiti contro larve di curculionidi dannosi a colture floricole e ornamentali","Difesa delle Piante","Journal Article",10,1,"127-132","Control experiments in Italy are described in which nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis were reared in the laboratory on Galleria mellonella and released against larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus and O. salicicola damaging the roots of Aralia sp. in pots in the greenhouse and against Neoplinthus tigratus on the roots of Ruscus sp. in the open air and in the laboratory. The nematodes were applied mainly in the irrigation water, but against N. tigratus some were applied by pressure pump, some by watering-can and some by injection into the soil. In the greenhouse, Heterorhabditis spp. gave 100% infection of O. sulcatus and 89% of O. salicicola. Against N. tigratus, S. glaseri [Neoaplectana glaseri] gave good control in the laboratory but not in the field.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,"x","x","x",null,"Ornamental","x",null,"x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Dolmans, N. G. M.",1983,"Biological control of the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) with a nematode (Heterorhabditis sp.)","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit, Gent","Journal Article",48,2,"417-420","The biological control of O. sulcatus with Heterorhabditis was tested in the field and glasshouse. Good control was achieved especially in the glasshouse.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x","x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Dolmans, N. G. M.",1984,"Biological control of vine weevil is possible. / Biologische bestrijding lapsnuitkever mogelijk","Vakblad voor de Bloemisterij","Journal Article",39,10,"41-41","In trials in glasshouses with pot-grown miniature roses and Astilbe, the parasitic nematode Heterorhabditis [heliothidis] gave good control of vine weevil [Otiorhynchus sulcatus] larvae at soil temperatures above 14°C. The estimated cost was less than that of standard chemical control with 2 Curaterr [carbofuran] sprays.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Dolmans, N. G. M.; van Tol, R. W. H. M.",1996,"Prospects for chemical control of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) in nursery stock","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"108-112",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,"x","x","x","Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Dorschner, K. W.; Agudelosilva, F.; Baird, C. R.",1989,"Use of heterorhabditid and steinernematid nematodes to control black vine weevil in hop","Florida Entomologist","Journal Article",72,3,"554-556",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Hops",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","Review only","Doss, R. P.","1983","Root Weevil Feeding on Rhododendron: A Review","Journal of Environmental Horticulture","Journal Article","1","3","67-71","Specific chemical compounds present in Rhododendron leaves stimulate adult root weevil feeding. The resistance of certain Rhododrendron species to weevil feeding is due to the presence of volatile terpene constituents of the leaves."]
["x",null,null,"Doss, R. P.",1984,"Role of glandular scales of lepidote rhododenrons in insect resistance","Journal of Chemical Ecology","Journal Article",10,12,"1787-1798",{"$nulls":5},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Ornamental","x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Doss, R. P.",1984,"Extracts from rhododendron leaves inhibit root weevil feeding","American Nurseryman","Journal Article",159,11,"93-94","Recent research on chemical factors affecting the feeding of Otiorhynchus sulcatus and, to a lesser extent, Sciopithes obscurus and other species, on rhododendron leaves is briefly reviewed. Leaf scales on lepidote species and cultivars (listed) were shown to contain essential oils which could inhibit weevil feeding, thus conferring resistance. Only a few of the elepidote type, which lack such scales, showed resistance.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Ornamental","x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Doss, R. P.; Carney, J. R.; Shanks, C. H.; Williamson, R. T.; Chamberlain, J. D.",1997,"Two new taxoids from European yew (Taxus baccata) that act as pyrethroid insecticide synergists with the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus)","Journal of Natural Products","Journal Article",60,11,"1130-1133","Bioassay-guided fractionation of an extract of foliage of European yew (Taxus baccata L.) yielded two new (1-2) and a previously reported (3) taxoid that acted as pyrethroid insecticide synergists with the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fab.). Structures of the compounds were established by spectral methods.","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Ornamental","x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Doss, R. P.; Shanks, C. H.",1984,"Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), phagostimulants from alpine strawberry","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",13,3,"691-695",{"$nulls":18},"x",{"$nulls":5},"Strawberry",{"$nulls":7},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Doss, R. P.; Shanks, C. H.",1985,"Effect of age on the feeding pattern of the adult black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Annals of the Entomological Society of America","Journal Article",78,3,"322-325",{"$nulls":18},"x",{"$nulls":5},"Strawberry",{"$nulls":7},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Doss, R. P.; Shanks, C. H.",1988,"The influence of leaf pubescence on the resistance of selected clones of beach strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis (L) Duchesne) to adult black vine weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F)","Scientia Horticulturae","Journal Article",34,null,"47-54",{"$nulls":5},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Strawberry","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Doss, R. P.; Shanks, C. H.; Chamberlain, J. D.; Garth, J. K. L.",1987,"Role of leaf hairs in resistance of a clone of beach strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis, to feeding by adult black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",16,3,"764-768",{"$nulls":5},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Strawberry","x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Doss, R. P.; Shanks, C. H.; Sjulin, T. M.; Garth, J. K. L.",1991,"Evaluation of some Fragaria chiloensis x (F x ananassa) seedings for resistance to black vine weevil","Scientia Horticulturae","Journal Article",48,null,"233-239","A sample of 483 Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesne x (F. X ananassa Duchesne) seedlings, derived from four crosses, exhibited highly significant variation in resistance to adult black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), feeding. In some tests, resistance to feeding was negatively correlated with the degree of pubescence, but only about 1% of the variation in resistance could be explained in hair number, and leaves of some resistant seedlings bore few hairs. This is the first study to show that selection for black vine weevil resistance among F. chiloensis x (F. X ananassa) crosses is possible. The bases for resistance are unknown, and it appears that resistance can be expressed without a dense covering of simple hairs.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Strawberry","x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
[null,"x","Not relevant","Dugaw, C. J.; Hastings, A.; Preisser, E. L.; Strong, D. R.",2004,"Seasonally limited host supply generates microparasite population cycles","Bulletin of Mathematical Biology","Journal Article",66,3,"583-594","Cycles in biological populations have been shown to arise from enemy-victim systems, delayed density dependence, and maternal effects. In an initial effort to model the year-to-year dynamics of natural populations of entomopathogenic nematodes and their insect hosts, we find that a simple, nonlinear, mechanistic model produces large amplitude, period two population cycles. The cycles are generated by seasonal dynamics within semi-isolated populations independently of inter-annual feedback in host population numbers, which differs from previously studied mechanisms. The microparasites compete for a fixed number of host insect larvae. Many nematodes at the beginning of the year quickly eliminate the pool of small hosts, and few nematodes are produced for the subsequent year. Conversely, initially small nematode populations do not over-exploit the host population, so the surviving hosts grow to be large and produce many nematodes that survive to the following year."]
[null,"x",null,"Dürholt-Frenzel, R.; Spethmann, W.",1989,"Control of snout beetles on rhododendron. / Bekämpfung von dickmaulrüsslern bei rhododendron","Rhododendron und Immergrüne Laubgehölze Jahrbuch","Journal Article",null,null,"11-32","Details are given of the morphology, ecology, biology and control of curculionids, especially Otiorhynchus sulcatus, on Rhododendron. The pest can be controlled using conventional insecticides, entomophilic nematodes, entomogenous fungi and resistant varieties."]
["x",null,null,"Easterbrook, M. A.; Cantwell, M. P.; Chandler, D.",1992,"Control of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae","Phytoparasitica","Journal Article",20,null,"S17-S19","The insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae attacks larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorhywhus sulcatus, an important pest of soft fruit and ornamental plants. In trials on strawberries and potted ornamental plants growing outdoors, a strain of this fungus has given promising results for control of the pest. Further work is required to determine the most effective dose rates, methods and timing of application.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x","x",null,"Strawberry & Ornamentals",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","Review only","Easterbrook, M. A.; Crook, A. M. E.; Cross, J. V.; Simpson, D. W.",1997,"Progress towards integrated pest management on strawberry in the United Kingdom","Third International Strawberry Symposium, Vols. 1 and 2","Book Section",null,null,"899-904","Shortcomings in the effectiveness of chemical control, and pressures to reduce pesticide usage, mean that it is important to develop integrated pest management programmes for strawberry. To do this detailed information is required on possible components for such a system. Surveys have revealed the most numerous predators in strawberry fields, and laboratory tests, including the use of immunological techniques, are indicating the most effective predators of pests such as aphids, Tetranychus urticae and Otiorhynchus sulcatus. Field trials have shown that the exotic predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis can control T. urticae, either used alone or integrated with the early use of an acaricide. Native phytoseiid mites are also showing promise for biological control, and are partially resistant to some insecticides. The effect of pesticides on beneficial arthropods is being evaluated, to establish which materials could be used in an IPM system; improving the placement of soil insecticides should reduce their detrimental effect. On late-season strawberries, the possibility of using attractant trap plants as a control method for capsid pests is under investigation. Another possible component of IPM is host plant resistance and sources of resistance to key pests are being sought in cultivars and wild species. Promising sources of resistance to T. urticae have been found."]
["x",null,null,"Edwards, M. G.; Gatehouse, J. A.; Gatehouse, A. M. R.",2010,"Molecular and biochemical characterisation of a dual proteolytic system in vine weevil larvae (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","Journal Article",40,11,"785-791","The ability of phytophagous insects to utilise the relatively low nitrogen content of plant tissues is typically the limiting factor in their nutritional uptake. In the larval stage, the vine weevil feeds predominantly on root tissues of plants. The root tissue as a whole has low levels of free amino acids, and thus effective hydrolysis of dietary proteins is essential for survival. In contrast to previous reports the present study demonstrates through both molecular and biochemical studies the presence of proteolytic enzymes from two mechanistic classes, cysteine and serine proteases, in the gut of larval vine weevil; with the latter being the predominant form. cDNA clones encoding cathepsin B-like and serine-like sequences were isolated from a gut specific cDNA library; the cathepsin B-like clone has the Cys-His-Asn catalytic triad. However, the sequence showed the replacement of the conserved His His sequence in the \"occluding loop\" region of the enzyme with Asp His. This may result in a change to the substrate specificity. Two trypsin precursors contained evidence of a signal peptide, activation peptide, and conserved N-termini (IVGG). Other structural features included typical His, Asp. and Set residues of the catalytic amino acid triad indicative of serine proteases, characteristic residues in the substrate-binding pocket, and four pairs of cysteine residues for disulfide bridges. The apparent abundance of the trypsin-like cDNA clones compared to the cathepsin B clones suggests that serine proteases are the predominant form, thus supporting data from the biochemical studies. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Elberson, L. R.; McCaffrey, J. P.; Tripepi, R. R.",1997,"Use of rapeseed meal to control black vine weevil larvae infecting potted rhododendron","Journal of Environmental Horticulture","Journal Article",15,4,"173-176","Defatted rapeseed meal (RSM) from Brassica napus L. was applied as a mulch to potted rhododendron and strawberry (companion plants) infested with black vine weevil larvae to evaluate its potential as a natural soil fumigant. In the first year of study, three porting media (Sunshine\" mix 1, 9:1 bark:sand, and 1: 1 bark:peat (by vol)) were tested for their effects on larval survival. In the second year, 0, 50, 100, or 200 g (0, 1.8, 3.5, or 7 oz) of RSM were added to potted plants of rhododendron cv. 'Ignatius Sargent' grown in 1: 1 bark:peat media in 1 (3-liter) containers. Meal was added approximately 16 weeks after planting rhododendron and strawberry plants. In the first study potting media type was found to have a significant effect on insecticidal activity of the meal resulting in a higher rate of larvae surviving in pots with Sunshine* mix than those with custom mixes of bark and sand or bark and peat. In the second study the highest rate of RSM, 200 g (7 oz)/1 gal pot, reduced larval survival by 70% compared to the lowest rate, 50 g (1.8 oz) RSM, and the control. Shoot growth of rhododendron was unaffected by all rates of RSM, however strawberry leaf margins became necrotic with RSM rates of 100 (3.5 oz) and 200 g (7 oz). Rapeseed meal is toxic to black vine weevil larvae, but rates necessary for effective control in a nursery application may be too high for practical use.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x",null,"Strawberry & Ornamental ",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Ellis, S. A.; Emmett, B. J.",1993,"A comparison of Metarhizium anisopliae, insect parasitic nematodes and fonofos against vine weevil in cyclamen","Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars supplement to Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",122,14,"188-189",null,"x","x","x",null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
[" x",null,null,"Elstein, D.",2004,"High-tech device detects weevils in nursery crops","International Pest Control","Journal Article",46,3,"168-168",{"$nulls":20},"x",null,"x","x","Ornamental",{"$nulls":11},"x"]
[null,"x","Review only","Englert, W. D.",1996,"Vine weevil problems in viticulture","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"24-25"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Esbjerg, P.",1977,"Ear weevils (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus Fabr.). / OEresnudebiller (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus Fabr.)","Manedsoversigt over plantesygdomme","Journal Article",500,null,"56-56","Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) caused damage to various plants, especially strawberry, in Denmark in 1975-76. The appearance of this weevil and its habits are briefly described. The species is parthenogenetic in the latitude of Denmark, and males do not occur. The adult females first appear in June but do not become numerous until July. They feed on the leaves and begin to oviposit after 4-6 days, laying several hundred eggs each over a period. The larvae hatch in 1-3 weeks according to temperature and feed on small roots in the soil, so that they are hard to detect at first. They overwinter and cause the major part of the damage in April-May of the next year, when the whole root system of strawberry plants may be destroyed. They pupate between late May and the end of June. At this time, old adults from the previous year are still present and laying eggs, but they are less prolific than adults of the new generation. Development is very dependent on temperature, and plastic covers or other mulches can speed it up by a month or more, and in heated glasshouse conditions oviposition may continue throughout the year.",{"$nulls":19},"x","x",null,null,"Strawberry",null,null,null,"x","x",null,"x","x",null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Evenhuis, H. H.",1978,"Biomics and control of the black vine weevil","Mededelingen Van De Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen - Universiteit Gent","Journal Article","43/2",null,"607-611",null,"x",null,"x",null,null,"x",null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x","x","Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Evenhuis, H. H.",1978,"On the control of the weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus. / Over de bestrijding van de gegroefde lapsnuitkever, Otiorhynchus sulcatus","Gewasbescherming","Journal Article",9,2,"27-32","Strawberry plants, cv. Redgauntlet, were treated with 8 insecticides either as sprays or granules on 23 September, and the effects on the incidence of O. sulcatus were assessed from 24 October to 12 December. Oxamyl at 10 or 20 l/ha, and carbofuran granules at 100 or 200 kg/ha gave excellent control and were slightly more effective than aldrin at 15 l/ha (the standard treatment).","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x","x","Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Evenhuis, H. H.",1982,"Control of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus Coleoptera Curculionidae","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Universiteit Gent","Journal Article",47,2,"675-678"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Evenhuis, H. H.",1983,"Role of carabids in the natural control of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus","Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie","Journal Article",4,null,"83-85"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Evenhuis, H. H.; Alofs, W. J.",1982,"The control of the vine weevil in strawberries. / De bestrijding gegroefde lapsnuittor in de aardbeiteelt","Fruitteelt","Journal Article",72,7,"242-243","In 2-year trials comparing several insecticides against Otiorhynchus sulcatus in strawberries, only aldrin, carbofuran and oxamyl gave satisfactory results. In a trial with strawberries grown in pots in several soil types comparing different concentrations of carbofuran, only the lowest concentration (0.25 kg/are), in peaty soil, was ineffective. An application rate of 1 kg/are is recommended, and it should be worked into the soil to a depth of 2 or 3 cm.","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x","x","Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Evenhuis, H. H.; Simons, W. R.; Vrie, M. van de",1984,"The control of the ribbed weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, on pot-plants grown in the greenhouse. / De bestrijding van de gegroefde lapsnuitkever, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, in de potplantenteelt in kassen","Gewasbescherming","Journal Article",15,1,"17-21","Greenhouse tests were carried out in the Netherlands to evaluate carbofuran for the control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) on potted ornamental plants. Cyclamens of the cultivar Vuurbaak were planted out in pots, and a granular formulation containing 5% carbofuran was scattered on the soil at 5, 10 or 20 g/m². Other cyclamen plants were put into pots containing soil to which aldrin had been added at 1000g/m³. Eggs of the weevil were placed on the plants 16, 47, 56, 74 or 92 days later, and the plants were examined for weevil larvae 6-8 weeks after infestation. Aldrin and carbofuran at 20 g/m² kept the plants free from living larvae throughout the duration of the experiment, though considerable numbers of living larvae were present on plants grown in untreated soil. Carbofuran at the 2 lower rates protected the plants completely for more than 74 days. The effects of carbofuran on the growth of different cultivars of cyclamen and on other ornamental plants are discussed.","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Farkas, I.",2006,"Black vine weevil (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus) - a dangerous pest","Novenyvdelem","Journal Article",42,4,"207-207"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Ferguson, C. M.; Barratt, B. I. P.",1993,"Effect of temperature on the control of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) by parasitic nematodes","Pest Control & Sustainable Agriculture","Book"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Ferguson, C. M.; Barratt, B. I. P.; Jones, P. A.; Garnham, M. L.",1990,"Control of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) larvae with different rates of a parasitic nematode (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora)","Proceedings of the Forty-Third New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference","Journal Article",null,null,"67-69"]
["x",null,null,"Fisher, J. J.; Rehner, S. A.; Bruck, D. J.",2011,"Diversity of rhizosphere associated entomopathogenic fungi of perennial herbs, shrubs and coniferous trees","Journal of Invertebrate Pathology","Journal Article",106,2,"289-295","Understanding habitat selection of fungal entomopathogens is critical to improve the efficacy, persistence and cost of these fungi as microbial insecticides. This study sought to determine the prevalence of Metarhizium and Beauveria spp. isolated from the rhizosphere of strawberry, blueberry, grape and Christmas tree crops in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Entomopathogenic fungi were assigned to thirteen species based on molecular phylogenetic criteria. Four species of Metarhizium were isolated including Metarhizium brunneum, Metarhizium guizhouense, Metarhizium robertsii, and Metarhizium flavoviride var. pemphigi. Nine Beauveria species were isolated including, Beauveria brongniartii, an undescribed species referred to as Clade C and seven phylogenetic species of Beauveria bassiana. Strawberries and blueberries were significantly associated with M. brunneum and Christmas trees with M. guizhouense and M. robertsii. Grapes were significantly associated with B. bassiana phylogenetic species Bbas-16. All of the Metarhizium isolates screened were pathogenic to Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae in laboratory bioassays but only M. brunneum and M. robertsii caused significant levels of infection. The study results suggest that certain species of Metarhizium and Beauveria are significantly associated with the strawberry, blueberry and Christmas tree rhizosphere and could potentially provide better control of O. sulcatus. Published by Elsevier Inc.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Fisher, J. R.",2006,"Fecundity, longevity and establishment of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) and Otiorhynchus ovatus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) from the Pacific North-west of the United States of America on selected host plants","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",8,4,"281-287","1 The fecundity, longevity and establishment of Otiorhynchus sulcatus and Otiorhynchus ovatus from the Pacific North-west U.S.A. was studied on five selected host plants: Picea abies 'Nidiformis', Picea glauca 'Conica', Taxus baccata, Rhododendron catawbiense 'Boursault' and Fragaria x ananassa 'Totem'. 2 Teneral adults were used to study adult longevity and reproductive success. Leaves of these host plants were used for sustenance for 9 months. Larval establishment was studied by infesting potted host plants with eggs. 3 Fragaria x ananassa 'Totem' produced the longest survival, shortest preoviposition time, the greatest number of eggs, and the highest fertility for adults of both species. Picea spp. were not good adult hosts for O. sulcatus. Taxus was a good adult host for O. sulcatus, but was a nonhost for adults and larvae of O. ovatus. 4 Adult hosts did not affect preoviposition time or egg viability with O. ovatus adults. With O. sulcatus, preoviposition time was greatly increased and egg viability was < 50% on Picea spp. 5 The best larval host was F. x ananassa 'Totem' for O. sulcatus and P. glauca 'Conica' for O. ovatus. Rhododendron was a poor larval host for both species. 6 When all of the studies on these two pests are considered, O. sulcatus appears to have varying host preferences from among its many geographical areas of occurrence whereas O. ovatus has a more universal host selection.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Fisher, J. R.; Bruck, D. J.",2008,"Biology and control of root weevils on berry and nursery crops in Oregon","Proceedings of the Ixth International Rubus and Ribes Symposium","Book Section",null,null,"345-351","The root weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus and Otiorhynchus ovatus, the black vine and strawberry root weevil, respectively, are perennial, ubiquitous pests of berry and nursery crops throughout the world. Recently, we developed a mass rearing system for these pests and now are able to conduct controlled experiments to study their biology and to develop chemical and biological management systems. Here we highlight our findings from these studies. We tested the hypothesis that feeding on multiple hosts may promote reproductive success. We used three hosts: strawberry, rhododendron and birds nest spruce (Picea abies 'Nidiformis) in a permutated array where adults were placed on a host for 15, 30, 45 or 60 days and then moved to another host for the remainder of their lives, or up to 300 days. Strawberry was the best sole host. Birds nest spruce alone, and in combination with other hosts, adversely affected reproductive processes. Some combinations of strawberry and rhododendron appeared to have a 'synergistic' effect when considering egg production. We devised a soil bioassay for screening pesticides or biological agents. In our first studies with the system we tested two formulations of bifenthrin. Granular bifenthrin prevented only the establishment of larvae, whereas the liquid formulation was efficacious on later instars. We have also performed field studies to compare the efficacy of bifenthrin and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in which we observed no significant difference between chemical and fungal treatments. Laboratory bioassays were also performed to access the virulence of M. anisopliae against field collected O. ovatus. The fungus was highly virulent even at the low dose of I X 104 spores per g dry soil.","x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,"x","x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Fisher, J. R.; Bruck, D. J.",2004,"A technique for continuous mass rearing of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus","Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","Journal Article",113,1,"71-75",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Fitters, P. F. L.; Dunne, R.; Griffin, C. T.",2001,"Vine weevil control in Ireland with entomopathogenic nematodes: optimal time of application","Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research","Journal Article",40,2,"199-213","Outdoor trials with potted primroses (1997 and 1998) and field-grown strawberries (1998) artificially infected with vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) were conducted in Ireland to assess the best time of nematode (Heterorhabditis megidis, isolate UK211) application in autumn. Approximately 75 to 85% control was obtained in primrose in both years when nematodes were applied at the end of September to mid-October. The 1997 primrose trial showed that an early September nematode application helped to avoid plant damage (important when protecting young and vulnerable plants), but that October and November nematode applications gave a higher (95%), but delayed, control level when left until spring. Control in strawberry was similar to that in primrose, with maximum 76% control. Maximum control levels obtained with nematodes were similar to those obtained with chlorpyrifos (Dursban) in strawberry and gamma HCH (Lindane) in primrose. These results clearly show that nematodes can be applied successfully outdoors, under Irish weather conditions, until mid-October.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry & Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Fitters, P. F. L.; Dunne, R.; Griffin, C. T.",2001,"Improved control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus at 9 degrees C by cold-stored Heterorhabditis megidis UK211","Biocontrol Science and Technology","Journal Article",11,4,"483-492","The effect of storage temperature (9 and 20 degreesC) on North West European Heterorhabditis megidis isolate UK211 for control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae at 9 degreesC is assessed. O. sulcatus mortality increased from -5.3% (corrected mortality) using freshly produced nematodes, to 27.1% using nematodes that had been cold-stored for 12 weeks. The number of nematodes invading the insect larvae increased almost 27-fold. Nematode storage at 9 degreesC for 11 to 12 weeks weeks resulted in significantly higher O. sulcatus mortality (41%) than storage at 20 degreesC for 2 to 3 weeks (12%). Thus, cold storage does enhance nematode infectivity for O. sulcatus larvae.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental","x"]
[null,"x","Not relevant","Fitters, P. F. L.; Griffin, C. T.",2006,"Survival, starvation, and activity in Heterorhabditis megidis (Nematoda : Heterorhabditidae)","Biological Control","Journal Article",37,1,"82-88","Infective juveniles (Us) of entomopathogenic nematodes do not feed but have ample stored energy reserves and can survive for several months in soil or in water. Intraspecific variation in survival of Heterorhabditis megidis has been observed for eight isolates of H. megidis stored in water at 20 degrees C for up to 14 weeks with the 50% survival time (ST50) ranging from 5.6 to 12.5 weeks. How important physical and behavioral attributes were in explaining this variation in survival was explored using stepwise regression. Included in the analysis were: initial energy reserves (measured by image analysis densitometry), size (area and length) the time at which 50% of energy reserves were depleted (ET50), and motility (head movements/min in week 0). Energy depletion rate, ET50, is an important predictor of survival, explaining 93.8% of the variation in ST50 among isolates. Energy depletion rate was highest in the first week, a time at which H. megidis Us were spontaneously active during storage. By week 5, when Us had begun to die, some individuals had completely depleted their energy reserves, supporting the hypothesis that death was a result of starvation. In a second stepwise regression, performed to explore what factors contribute to variation in rate of energy depletion, motility accounted for 60.1% of the variation in ET50. With the inclusion of initial energy reserves, length, and area, 88.5% of the variation was accounted for. We conclude that intraspecific variation in survival of H. megidis in water is due largely to variation in rates of depletion of energy reserves, which in turn is strongly associated with levels of locomotory activity. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved."]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Frampton, G. K.; Cilgi, T.",1994,"Effects of pesticides on carabid beetles and factors affecting vulnerability of carabids to pesticides in field crops","Vine weevil workshop. Conference proceedings. 6th June 1994.","Book"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","France, I. A.; Gerding, G. M.; Gerding, P. M.; Sandoval, V. A.",2000,"Pathogenicity of a Chilean wild collection of Metarhizium spp. and Beauveria spp. on Aegorhinus superciliosus, Asynonychus cervinus and Otiorhynchus sulcatus. / Patogenicidad de una colección de cepas nativas de Metarhizium spp. y Beauveria spp. en Aegorhinus superciliosus, Asynonychus cervinus y Otiorhynchus sulcatus","Agricultura Tecnica","Journal Article",60,3,"205-215","Different isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria and Metarhizium, collected throughout Chile, were screened against three important curculionid (weevil) pests. Nine Beauveria and 10 Metarhizium isolates were evaluated on adults of Aegorhinus superciliosus; 37 Beauveria isolates on Asynonychus cervinus [Pantomorus cervinus] larvae; and 24 Metarhizium on Otiorhynchus sulcatus adults. Inoculated insects were observed daily and compared using a mortality index. The most effective isolates were M430 and B306 for A. superciliosus, and B 179 for A. cervinus and M151b for O. sulcatus. There were also numerous strains that caused low or very reduced insect mortality, suggesting the specificity of the different fungi for different insects. The results justify the search for new and better isolates, as well as additional laboratory and field evaluation of better strains.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":12},"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Franceschini, S.",1999,"Control of Otiorhynchus larvae on ornamental plants in pots and in the field. / Controllo delle larve di oziorrinco in vaso e in pieno campo su piante ornamentali","Colture Protette","Journal Article",28,5,"87-89","Notes are given on the biology, and chemical and biological control of O. sulcatus. Experimental trials were carried out in Italy to evaluate the efficacy of a product containing the entomophilic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora at 2 doses (250 000 and 500 000 infective forms/m\\sup\\2) compared with that of a traditional chemical treatment of carbofuran (Curaterr) against O. sulcatus on Waldsteinia ternata in pots in a greenhouse and on Taxus baccata in the field. In general, the treatment with carbofuran was moderately effective (a mean reduction of 51 and 39% in the pot and field experiment, respectively). The nematode treatments gave good control of the curculionid even at high infestations; they were equally effective as carbofuran in the pot experiment and slightly more effective in the field experiment, especially at the higher dose.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Fregonese, A.; Zandigiacomo, P.",1992,"Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabr.), a curculionid beetle damaging ornamental plants in nurseries. / Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabr.), coleottero curculionide dannoso nei vivai di piante ornamentali","Informatore Agrario","Journal Article",48,35,"73-77","Otiorhynchus sulcatus, together with other congeneric species, frequently causes serious problems in ornamental plant nurseries in central-northern Italy where it attacks various plants including Rhododendron, Cotoneaster, Prunus laurocerasus and Cryptomeria. The morphology, biology, injuriousness and control of O. sulcatus are described from studies conducted in Friuli in 1989-91. The most rational defence interventions were found to be those aimed against the adults. The best time to apply insecticides (such as acephate and cyfluthrin) was in the 4- to 6-week period between the appearance of adults and the beginning of oviposition. Chemical control of the larvae often did not give clear results and could present numerous problems. It is suggested that in the future, entomophilic nematodes may play an important role in controlling larvae of O. sulcatus. The need to pay careful attention to the health of material entering the nursery and of nearby shrubby vegetation to prevent a build-up of the pest population is stressed.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":13},"x","x","Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Frers, A.",1996,"Casual experiences of vine weevil biology before, during and after carrying out control tests","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"46-50",{"$nulls":19},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x","x"]
[null,"x","In German","Fritzen, A.; Haas, A.; Jansen, S.; Jordan, B.; Neubauer, C.",2012,"Effect of insecticides against adults of vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus. / Wirkung von insektiziden gegenüber adulten stadien des dicklmaulrüsslers Otiorhynchus sulcatus",null,"Generic"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Gange, A.",1999,"Interactions between subterranean insects and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi","Antenna (London)","Journal Article",23,4,"238-241","The results are summarized of studies investigating interactions between Otiorhynchus sulcatus and a mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices) on Taraxacum officinale and strawberries. Results indicated that either fungus inoculated alone reduced weevil larval survival and biomass, but there were no reductions in these parameters when the fungi were inoculated together. The results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of mycorrhizal action.",null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry & Dandelion",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Gange, A. C.",1996,"Reduction in vine weevil larval growth by mycorrhizal fungi","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"56-60",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry & Dandelion",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Gange, A. C.",2001,"Species-specific responses of a root- and shoot-feeding insect to arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of its host plant","New Phytologist","Journal Article",150,3,"611-618","The responses of root-feeding black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) larvae and leaf-feeding adults to colonization of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) plants by one or two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are reported here. Glomus mosseae and Glomus fasciculatum were isolated from a commercial field and used to colonize strawberry plants, singly and in combination. Vine weevil larvae were reared on roots of colonized and uncolonized plants. When the larvae were mature, leaves from all plants, with and without larvae, were fed to adult weevils. Colonization by either fungus reduced larval survival and biomass. However, colonization by both fungi had no effect on the larvae. These effects were manifested in changes in plant performance; weevil feeding decreased plant foliar and root biomass as well as runner production, but only when mycorrhizas were absent or inoculated together Mycorrhizas also mitigated the effects of larval feeding on adult weevils. The response of root-feeding insects to arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization depends on which fungi are present in the root system. Furthermore, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi might play a critical role in mitigating interactions between phytophagous insects. (C) New Phytologist (2001).",null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,null,"x","x","Strawberry ",null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Gange, A. C.; Brown, V. K.; Sinclair, G. S.",1994,"Reduction of black vine weevil larval growth by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection","Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","Journal Article",70,2,"115-119","Larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (black vine weevil) were reared at three densities (zero, two or eight), on plants of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) with and without infection by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. On plants without the fungus, survival of larvae to late final instar was 84%, but this was only 43% on infected plants. The differential survival of larvae was evident in their effects on plant biomass. Significant interactions were found between larval density and infection, indicating that mycorrhizal presence mitigated the effects of herbivory at the low larval density. Infection by G. mosseae thus conferred some degree of resistance in roots to this insect and the consequences of this for horticultural and natural situations are discussed.",null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Dandelion",null,"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Garnham, M.; McNab, H.",1990,"The use of entomogenous nematodes for the control of black vine weevil in cyclamen","Proceedings of the Forty-Third New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference","Journal Article",null,null,"70-72"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Garth, G. S.",1976,"Dispersal behaviour of the black vine weevil","Proceedings Wash. St. ent. Yearbook American Philosophical Society","Journal Article","No.38",null,"502-504"]
["x",null,null,"Garth, G. S.; Shanks, C. H.",1978,"Some factors affecting infestation of strawberry fields by black vine weevil (Coleoptera-Curculionidae) in Western Washington","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",71,3,"443-448",{"$nulls":21},"x",null,null,"Strawberry",null,null,null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Gaugler, R.; Georgis, R.",1991,"Culture method and efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae)","Biological Control","Journal Article",1,4,"269-274","The effect of culture method on the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes was assessed by analysis of 511 greenhouse and field trials. In tests against larvae of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) reared by in vivo, in vitro solid, and in vitro liquid culture methods provided equivalent larval reductions. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar infective juveniles produced in vivo and on solid media provided equivalent results in trials against Japanese beetle larvae and northern masked chafer, Cyclocephala borealis (Arrow). By contrast, H. bacteriophora produced by liquid culture achieved significantly lower Japanese beetle reductions than those reared in vivo or on solid media. Against the northern masked chafer, liquid culture H. bacteriophora provided significantly less host mortality than solid culture nematodes. Field persistence studies provided further evidence that liquid culture H. bacteriophora were inferior to infective juveniles produced on solid media. The poor performance of liquid culture H. bacteriophora was attributed to low lipid assimilation. (C) 1991 Academic Press, Inc.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x","x",null,"Cranberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Gembauffe, N.; Coremans-Pelseneer, J.; Tillemans, F.; Hemptinne, J. L.",1990,"Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) alimentary choices. First results","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent","Journal Article",55,"2b","541-544","Food preferences of adults of Otiorhynchus sulcatus were studied in the laboratory at LD 16:8 with corresponding temperatures of 23 and 17°C and 80% RH, using 5 plant species (Fragaria grandiflora, Chenopodium album, Senecio vulgaris, Rhododendron ponticum and Fuchsia spp.). R. ponticum was the least preferred plant, while strawberry was the most prefered. This paper was presented at the International Symposium on Crop Protection in May 1990 in Ghent, Belgium.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Ornamental",{"$nulls":7},"x"]
[null,"x","In French","Geoffrion, R.",2000,"3rd International conference on black vine weevil. / Troisième colloque international sur le charançon \"de la vigne\", O. sulcatus","Phytoma","Journal Article",null,524,"9-11","The 3rd international conference on black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) was held in Angers, France, in June 1999. The conference provided an opportunity to carry out a full review of the O. sulcatus problem, showing that damage caused by O. sulcatus and other beetles [Coleoptera] is quite considerable in a number of countries. The conference dealt with control methods for adults and larvae. Slow-release formulations of fipronil and chlorpyrifos have yielded good results for larvae control. A number of references were made to biological control using entomophilic nematodes. New nematode production techniques, which involve reducing the temperature to +9°C for a number of weeks, have helped to improve the effectiveness of biological control treatments. The possibility of setting up a warning system and the introduction of genetically-modified plants were also raised."]
["x",null,null,"Georgis, R.; Kaya, H. K.; Gaugler, R.",1991,"Effect of Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) on nontarget arthropods","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",20,3,"815-822","The effect of entomopathogenic nematodes on nontarget arthropods in the laboratory, field soils, and a stream were assessed. In the laboratory, adult predators were less susceptible to the nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) than the immature stages. In field tests, entomopathogenic nematodes that had significantly suppressed pest populations (Popillia japonica Newman, Japanese beetle, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder, tawny mole cricket, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), black vine weevil, Delia radicum (L.), cabbage maggot, and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, western corn rootworm) did not adversely affect the numbers of nontarget soil arthropods in comparison with the untreated control. In contrast, broad-spectrum chemical insecticides (isofenphos, ethoprop, or chlorpyrifos used as chemical checks) significantly reduced or showed a tendency to reduce nontarget arthropod populations. In a stream trial, S. carpocapsae significantly reduced black fly larval populations, but the nontarget insects often increased in the treatment sites. Decreases in nontarget populations were matched by approximately equal or greater reductions in the upstream controls. We conclude that entomopathogenic nematodes do not adversely affect nontarget arthropods when used for short-term control of insect pests.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x",null,"Cranberry",null,"x"]
[null,"x","Review only","Georgis, R.; Koppenhofer, A. M.; Lacey, L. A.; Belair, G.; Duncan, L. W.; Grewal, P. S.; Samish, M.; Tan, L.; Torr, P.; van Tol, R. W. H. M.",2006,"Successes and failures in the use of parasitic nematodes for pest control","Biological Control","Journal Article",38,1,"103-123","Advances in mass-production and formulation technology of entomopathogenic nematodes, the discovery of numerous isolates/strains and the desirability of reducing pesticide usage have resulted in a surge of scientific and commercial interest in these nematodes. The lessons learned from earlier problems have encouraged scientists and leading. commercial companies to increase their efforts toward improving cost efficiency and better product positioning in the market within the confines of product capabilities. The successes or failures of the nematodes against 24 arthropod pest species of agriculture and animals and against a major slug pest in agriculture are discussed in this review. Commercial successes are documented in markets such as citrus (Diaprepes root weevil), greenhouses and glasshouses (black vine weevil, fungus gnats, thrips, and certain borers), turf (white grubs, billbugs, and mote crickets), and mushrooms (sciarid flies). In addition, the successful commercialization of a nematode (Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita) against slugs in agricultural systems is presented. Despite this progress, the reality is that nematode-based products have limited market share. Limited share is attributed to higher product cost compared to standard insecticides, low efficacy under unfavorable conditions, application timing and conditions, limited data and cost benefit in IPM programs, refrigeration requirements and limited room temperature shelf life (product quality), use of suboptimum nematode species, and lack of detail application directions. One or more of these factors affected the market introduction of the nematodes despite promising field efficacy against insects such as black cutworm in turf, sugar beet weevil in sugar beet, sweet potato weevil in sweet potato, and house fly adult in animal-rearing farms. Insects such as cabbage root maggots, carrot root weevil, and Colorado potato beetle are listed on the label of certain commercial products despite low efficacy data, due to insect susceptibility, biology, and/or behavior. To make entomopathogenic nematodes more successful, realistic strategies through genetic engineering, IPM programs, and new delivery systems and/or training programs to overcome their inherent cost, formulation instability, and limited field efficacy toward certain insects are needed. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved."]
["x",null,null,"Georgis, R.; Poinar, G. O.,",1984,"Greenhouse control of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) by Heterorhabditid and Steinernematid nematodes","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",13,4,"1138-1140",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Georgis, R.; Poinar, G. O., Jr.; Wilson, A. P.",1982,"Susceptibility of strawberry root weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus to neoaplectanid and heterorhabditid nematodes","IRCS Medical Science: Microbiology, Parasitology and Infectious Diseases","Journal Article",10,null,"442-442","Glasshouse tests in California, USA, showed that when 5000 third-stage larvae of Neoaplectana carpocapsae (Breton Strain), N. glaseri or Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were added to pots containing 15 O. sulcatus larvae in soil, the weevil mortality rates after 2 weeks were 84.6, 91.3 and 82.0% respectively. Nematodes were able to develop and reproduce inside the larvae. Death was partly due to the release by the nematodes of Xenorhabdus sp. The nematodes were able to locate the weevils at a depth of 15 cm. It is considered that the nematodes show potential in biological control.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Gerding, G. M.; France, I. A.; Cisternas, A. E.",2000,"Evaluation of Chilean strains of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae against Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). / Evaluacion de cepas nativas de Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae sobre Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Agricultura Tecnica","Journal Article",60,3,"216-223","The pathogenicity of three isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae against the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) was evaluated in a laboratory test. The isolates were applied in increasing concentrations (0 to 108 conidia/ml) to the last instar larvae. The larval mortality was evaluated for 20 days, and lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) and mortality rates were calculated. The tree isolates varied (P≤0.01) in the rate of mortality at different concentrations. The LC50 and LC90 for the most virulent isolate were about 106 and 108 conidia/ml, respectively. Future field studies will determine the potential of this fungus as a biological control agent for O. sulcatus in Chile.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Gerding, M.; Rodriguez, M.; France, A.; Gerding-Gonzalez, M.",2008,"Selection of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana isolates to control Asynonychus cervinus and Otiorhynchus sulcatus (coleoptera : curculionidae) attacking raspberries in Chile","Proceedings of the Ixth International Rubus and Ribes Symposium","Book Section",null,null,"391-396","Two of the main insect pests of raspberries in Chile are the two curculionids: Asynonychus cervinus (Fuller rose beetle) and Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Black vine weevil). At the larval stage they feed on the roots of the crop causing an important economic damage. We carried out a screening of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates to determine their pathogenicity on A. cervinus and O. sulcatus, both at adult and larval stage. Thirty seven B. bassiana isolates were evaluated on A. cervinus larvae and 24 M. anisopliae isolates on O. sulcatus adult and larvae. The selected isolates were tested by dipping individuals of each specie in suspensions of different conidia concentrations (0 to 10(8) conidia ml(-1)). Mortality rates, Lethal Concentrations (LC50 and LC90) and food intake were determined. Different levels of pathogenicity among the isolates were detected. The most aggressive B. bassiana isolates for A. cervinus were Qu-B179, Qu-B299, Qu-B314 and Qu-B323. For O. sulcatus adults, the most virulent M. anisopliae isolates were Qu-M151b, Qu-M232 and Qu-M271. The best isolate to control O. sulcatus was Q-M151b, with a LC50 of 1x10(6.53) and LC90 of 1X10(7.82) conidia ml(-1). Adult A. cervinus leaf consumption after B. bassiana inoculation was reduced up to 70% in 35 days. The LC50 and LC90 calculated for A. cervinus were 1X10(4.7) and 1X10(8.3) conidia ml(-1), respectively.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,null,null,"x","x","Raspberry",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Giege, B.",1975,"Laboratory studies on the black vine weevil Otiorrhynchus sulcatus","Statens Vaxtskyddsanstalt Meddelanden","Journal Article",16,"165-167","115-138"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Giege, B.",1975,"Investigations on the black vine weevil (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) in the laboratory. / Undersokningar over oronviveln (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) i laboratorium","Meddelanden, Statens Vaxtskyddsanstalt","Journal Article",16,166,"115-138","The biology and control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) are discussed following investigations in the laboratory in 1972-73, and some possible reasons for outbreaks of the weevil on strawberries on Sweden are presented. The number of eggs laid per female in a year averaged 55; 15 days after oviposition, 95% of the surviving eggs had hatched. In tests against larvae, pupae and adults, good results were obtained with sprays of azinphos-methyl, propoxur, fenitrothion and a preparation of spores of Beauveria bassiana at 8.8 X 107 spores/ml.","x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,null,null,"x","x","Strawberry",null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Gill, S.; Lutz, J.; Shrewsbury, P.; Raupp, M.",2001,"Evaluation of biological and chemical control methods for black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in container grown perennials","Journal of Environmental Horticulture","Journal Article",19,3,"166-170","Three trials involving the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poiner) provided convincing evidence that this entomopathogenic nematode can provide highly effective control of black vine weevil larvae under conventional methods of container plant production. In all trials, the application of nematodes significantly reduced populations of weevil larvae relative to levels found in the untreated containers. The first and second trials, using Bergenia and Heuchera, confirmed that H. bacteriophora applied at two rates caused substantial mortality to black vine weevil larvae. The third trial revealed that H. bacteriophora applied to Epimedium provided levels of control comparable to those of imidacloprid and acephate. In all trials, populations of weevil larvae were reduced by 90-100% following the application of H. bacteriophora.","x",null,"x",null,null,"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x","x","Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Gillespie, A. T.; Moorhouse, E. R.; Sellers, E. K.",1989,"Metarhizium anisopliae: a promising biological control agent for the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus","Aspects of Applied Biology","Journal Article",22,null,"389-393",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,"x","x","x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Gillespie, A.; Moorhouse, E.",1991,"Metarhizium anisopliae: a promising biological control agent for black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",14,1,"53-53",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,"x",null,"Strawberry & Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Godliman, J.",1991,"Control of vine weevil larvae on cyclamen with insect-parasitic nematodes","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",14,1,"54-54",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Gordon, S. C.; Woodford, J. A. T.; Grassi, A.; Zini, M.; Tuovinen, T.; Lindqvist, I.; McNicol, J. W.",2003,"Monitoring and importance of wingless weevils (Otiorhynchus spp.) in European red raspberry production","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",26,2,"55-60","Wingless weevils (Otiorhynchus spp.) are widespread in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) in several regions of Europe. One objective of the 2-year (1998 and 1999) EU-Craft/BBW (Switzerland)-funded project 'Reduced Application of Chemicals in European Raspberry Production (RACER)' was to develop and test simple trapping methods to permit growers to detect the nocturnally active adult weevils in raspberry plantations. Wooden groove traps (30×30 cm, with 8 mm wide and 8 mm deep grooves cut on the underside), and 50×50 cm fabric traps (black landscape fabric) were compared with diurnal and nocturnal beating. The species found at each geographical location were identified. In Finland, O. ovatus and O. nodosus are frequently found in strawberry plantations but groove traps and fabric traps failed to trap any weevils in fields adjacent to strawberry in 1998. In 1999, modified groove traps (4×4 mm grooves) at three sites only caught a very small number of O. ovatus. Both diurnal and nocturnal beating of the plants failed to detect weevils. These and other records suggest that wingless weevils are not common in raspberry in Finland. In Scotland, the main species associated with raspberry is the clay-coloured weevil (O. singularis), but vine weevils (O. sulcatus) were also detected. Nocturnal sampling was to be the most effective method of detecting these weevils, although small numbers were found in the grooved traps. In 1999, a hand-held beating tray, as developed for the WSU Nooksack IPM Project in the USA, was tested and proved a convenient method for detecting weevils, but could only be used effectively after dark. In Italy, both summer and autumn fruiting raspberry plantations were examined for weevils. Seven Otiorhynchus spp. were identified. The most abundant were O. apenninus, O. sulcatus, O. armadillo, O. ovatus and O. globus. Crop scouting and nocturnal beating were the most effective methods to detect adult weevils. O. apenninus, O. armadillo, O. ovatus and O. sulcatus were considered to be damaging to raspberry plants.",{"$nulls":23},"Raspberry",{"$nulls":10},"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Gosik, R.; Sprick, P.",2012,"Morphology and identification of the pupae of seven species of the genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchini)","Zootaxa","Journal Article",null,3483,"39-57","The pupae of Otiorhynchus armadillo (Rossi, 1792), O. aurifer Boheman, 1843, O. crataegi Germar, 1824, O. meridionalis Gyllenhal, 1834, O. porcatus (Herbst, 1795) and O. salicicola Heyden, 1908, are described and illustrated for the first time. The pupa of O. sulcatus (Fabricius, 1775) is redescribed and illustrated. Characteristic features including chaetotaxy and habitus, measurements and a key to the species based on the pupae are also presented.",{"$nulls":27},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Graham, J.; Gordon, S. C.; McNicol, R. J.",1997,"The effect of the CpTi gene in strawberry against attack by vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",131,1,"133-139","The degree of protection against insect feeding conferred upon transgenic strawberry lines expressing the Cowpea trypsin inhibitor was evaluated under glasshouse conditions. Insect bioassays were carried out using vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) in two experiments and in both experiments there was a highly significant reduction in damage by weevil larvae on the transgenic lines.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,null,"x",null,null,null,"Strawberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Graham, J.; Gordon, S. C.; Smith, K.; McNicol, R. J.; McNicol, J. W.",2002,"The effect of the cowpea trypspin inhibitor in strawberry on damage by vine weevil under field conditions","Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology","Journal Article",77,1,"33-40","Transgenic strawberry lines constitutively expressing the Cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTi) were examined under field conditions to determine if this gene offered protection against the feeding of vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.). Data are presented on plant performance over three seasons (years). Field results for two years confirmed previous glasshouse findings and demonstrate protection in terms of attack by vine weevil larvae on all the transgenic lines. Over three years, two 'Melody' lines and three 'Symphony' lines continued to demonstrate significantly improved plant growth compared with control lines. The genotype into which CpTi was inserted had a significant effect on performance. The CpTi has a significant effect on vine weevil in terms of a reduction in the number of pupae. The numbers of Carabid and other non-target arthropods were assessed over the duration of the trial, and were found not to be significantly affected by the CpTi transgenic lines.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"x","Strawberry","x"]
[null,"x","Review only","Graham, J.; Gordon, S. C.; Williamson, B.",1996,"Progress towards the use of transgenic plants as an aid to control soft fruit pests and diseases","Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests and diseases, 1996, Vols. 1-3","Book"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Grewal, P. S.",2012,"Entomopathogenic nematodes as tools in integrated pest management","Integrated Pest Management: Principles and Practice","Book"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Grunder, J. M.; Ehlers, R. U.; Jung, K.",2005,"Quality control of entomopathogenic nematodes. Proceedings of workshops and meetings held in Merelbeke (Belgium), Maynooth (Ireland), Vienna (Austria) and Wageningen (Netherlands) 1999-2001",null,"Generic",null,null,null,"Entomopathogenic nematodes are used in many different applications in integrated and biological pest management. This publication focuses on the characterisation of different factors that can be used to describe the quality of zooparasitic nematodes. Characters that are related to quality (viability, activity, energy reserves, number of symbiotic bacteria and migration ability) were assessed by using different methods. Additionally, the influence of selected abiotic factors (temperature, pH and osmotically active ingredients) on the quality characters of the nematodes was investigated during storage and correlated to the efficacy of the nematodes against for example Otiorhynchus sulcatus in semi-field and field trials.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":15},"x",null,"x","x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Guilleminot, R. A.; Apablaza, J. U.",1986,"Insects and arachnids associated with raspberry Rubus idaeus in the metropolitan region Chile","Ciencia e Investigacion Agraria","Journal Article",13,3,"251-256","Four raspberry fields located in the Metropolitan Region, were periodically surveyed to monitor associated arthropods on the plants, during the 1984-1985 growing season. A total of forty-two arthropod species were found, belonging to the following orders: Acari 2, Araneae 8, Coleoptera 9, Diptera 2, Hemiptera 4, Homoptera 6, Hymenoptera 2, Lepidoptera 3, Neuroptera 1, Orthoptera 3 and Thysanoptera 2. The most damaging phytophagous species were: the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch; the vine weevil, Naupactus xanthographus (Germar); and the bramble leafhopper, Ribautiana tenerrima (Herrich-Schaffer). Ocassional pests were: the Euuropean fruit lecanium, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouche); the rose scale, Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche); and the obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus affinis (Maskell). Insect pests of quarantine importance were: the flower thrips, Frankliniella cestrum Moulton; the lygaeid bugs, Geocoris sobrinus (Blanchard) and Nysius ericae (Schilling); the leaffooted but, Leptoglossus chilensis (Spinola); and the above mentioned N. xanthographus. The honey bee, Apis mellifera L., was the insect pollinator most commonly found on the flowers. Also, eighteen predatory species were collected, among them: Stethorus sp., Oligota pygmaea Solier and Amblyseius chilenensis (Dosse), all of them feeding on T. urticae. The mymarid Anagrus armatus nigriceps, Girault, reached high level of R. tenerrima egg parasitism by late summer.",{"$nulls":20},"x",null,null,"Raspberry",{"$nulls":10},"x","x"]
[null,"x","Review only","Gwynn, R. L.",2009,"Biopesticide product gap analysis and evaluation to support development policy for biopesticides for use in intergrated vegetable crop production",null,"Generic"]
[null,"x","Review only","Gwynn, R. L.",2009,"Biopesticide product gap analysis and evaluation to support development policy for biopesticides for use in intergrated soft fruit production",null,"Generic"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Haegermark, U.",1976,"Otiorhynchus species in strawberries. / Oronvivlar i jordgubbar","Vaxtskyddsnotiser","Journal Article",40,6,"179-183","Six species of Otiorhynchus (O. ligustici, O. ovatus, O. scaber, O. singularis, O. sulcatus and O. raucus) were collected in leaf- damaged strawberry fields in southern Sweden. Results of preliminary control trials against O. sulcatus indicated that azinphos-methyl (particularly at 2 kg/10 000 m of row) was better than chlorfenvinphos. The life cycle of O. sulcatus is discussed in relation to control.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":14},"x",null,"x","Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Haegermark, U.",1976,"Otiorhynchus weevils in strawberries. / Oronvivlar i jordgubbar","Vaxtskyddsnotiser","Journal Article",40,6,"179-192","In 1971-73, strawberry plants in one locality in Sweden were attacked by no less than 6 species of Otiorhynchus and also by Sciaphilus asperatus (Bonsd.). Four of the Otiorhynchus species (O. ligustici (L.), O. ovatus (L.), O. singularis (L.) and O. sulcatus (F.)) were already known to attack the roots of strawberry, while the other two, O. raucus (F.) and O. scaber (L.) were not, although there was a report of O. raucus gnawing the leaves in Norway. Next to O. ovatus, O. scaber was the commonest of the six. In control tests, azinphos-methyl gave good results against the adult weevils, while chlorfenvinphos was ineffective. It was not known to what extent reducing the adult population reduced the numbers of larvae on the roots. Sprays should be applied in warm weather, when the weevils are active but before they have oviposited.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":14},"x",null,"x","Strawberry"]
["x",null,"Abstract only","Haegermark, U.",1979,"Weevils in strawberries - a supplement. / Om oronvivlar i jordgubbar - ett tillagg","Vaxtskyddsnotiser","Journal Article",43,1,"34-36","As a supplement to earlier publications on Otiorhynchus spp. on strawberries in southern Sweden, the results are presented of trap catches of O. ovatus (L.) in 1971-73 and of O. raucus (F.) in 1974-75. The first was collected mainly after picking and the second mostly during the picking period. O. sulcatus (F.) was also taken on occasion during hot weather in the daytime when the strawberry tops were shaken into a collecting net. O. ovatus can be controlled by means of insecticides applied after harvest, but O. raucus cannot. O. sulcatus could be controlled if it occurred frequently in such situations. Its occurrence in the plant tops must have been due to temperature and humidity conditions, which were probably more favourable among the leaves than in the soil.",{"$nulls":34},"x","x"]
[null,"x","Review only","Hague, N. G. M.",2009,"Perspectives in applied nematology","Nematology","Journal Article",11,null,"1-10","This article reflects the author's experience of research and changes in priorities over the last 50 years in four main areas: i) fumigants as nematicides; ii) non-volatile nematicides; iii) biological control of insects; and iv) training in nematology. The developments in each of these topics are discussed from a personal perspective and speculation is made on the future direction of these areas of applied research."]
["x",null,null,"Halfhill, J. E.",1985,"Larvicides for black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus on woody ornamentals","Journal of Agricultural Entomology","Journal Article",2,3,"292-296","Eleven insecticides were evaluated as soil drenches against 3-d-old larvae of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius), feeding on roots of strawberry [Fragaria x ananassa] potted in a 1:1 peat-sand mixture. Bendiocarb, carbofuran, oxamyl, and terbufos were evaluated further on arborvitae [Thuja occidentalis], hemlock [Tsuga canadensis] rhododendron [Rhododendron sp.] and yew [Taxus cuspidata] at doses of 11.2, 22.4, and 44.8 kg/ha. At the lowest dose, only bendiocarb and carbofuran provided effective control of larvae on all plant species. No phytotoxicity resulted from the treatments.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Hanula, J. L.",1988,"Oviposition preference and host recognition by the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",17,4,"694-698",{"$nulls":18},"x",{"$nulls":5},"Ornamental",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Hanula, J. L.",1990,"Monitoring adult emergence, ovary maturation, and control of the black vine weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Journal of Entomological Science","Journal Article",25,1,"134-142"]
["x",null,null,"Hanula, J. L.",1993,"Vertical distribution of the black vine weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) immatures and infection by entomogenous nematodes in soil columns and field soil","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",86,2,"340-347","Vertical distribution of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), larvae and pupae, and depth of penetration of entomogenous nematodes on field-grown yews, Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zuccarini, was studied. Black vine weevil larvae were found as deep as 30 cm, but the majority (>90%) were found in the top 15 cm. Distribution of pupae was similar to that of larvae. The distribution of infected black vine weevil immatures following an application of the nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae (Wieser) (All strain), S. feltiae (Filipjev), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) (strains C1 and HP88) was studied in soil columns and field soils. Soil columns may not be effective models of nematode infection in undisturbed field soils. All species of nematodes tested were capable of moving to the bottom of 20-cm soil columns at a moisture content near field capacity to infect black vine weevil larvae. However, in the field, only S. carpocapsae infected larvae at that depth. S. feltiae infected larvae at depths of 17.5 cm, and H. bacteriophora (C1), which performed well in soil columns, did not infect larvae below 12.5 cm. In a laboratory bioassay, H. bacteriophora (C1) was 10 times more virulent (LC95 = 77 nematodes per cm2) than S. carpocapsae (LC95 = 794 nematodes per cm2). However, both species were equally effective in a field trial at the highest Tate tested (2 X 10(5) nematodes per plant).",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x","x",null,"Ornamental",null,"x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Hardy, R. J.",1979,"Biological control of insect pests of small fruits",null,"Generic",null,null,"228-229","In this review of the current status of the biological control of insect pests of small fruits in Australia, lists are provided of 3 pests of strawberry and 3 of currants. Until recent years biological control measures against pests of small fruits were negligible, but some recent developments are reviewed. These include investigations on the control of Tetranychus urticae Koch (a pest of both crops) with native and introduced phytoseiids; investigations with the Tasmanian nematode Heterorhabditis sp. against Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) on strawberry; and investigations with Ephedrus plagiator (Nees) against Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.) on currants.&lt;new para&gt;ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT:&lt;new para&gt;A review of the current status of the biological control of insect pests of small fruits in Australia is presented. Investigations are being made with Heterorhabditis sp. against Otiorhynchus sulcatus on strawberry.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,"Strawberry"]
["x",null,null,"Hart, A. J.; Willmott, D. M.",2002,"Control of overwintering black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus by a cold-active entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei","Nematology","Journal Article",4,2,"194-194",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Haukeland, S.",2006,"Using entomopathogenic nematodes against Otiorhynchus spp. in field grown strawberries - The good and the bad news","Journal of Nematology","Journal Article",38,2,"273-274",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Haukeland, S.",2008,"Studies on control of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus using entomopathogenic nematodes","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",39,null,"137-138","Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are commercially available for control of soil dwelling larvae of the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus). In Europe several products are available comprising three different species, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. megidis, and Steinernema kraussei. The latter species is for use at low temperatures. Results from several trials using H. megidis and S. kraussei against vine weevil in strawberry fields indicate that low temperature, soil type and possibly the application method are limiting factors that appear to reduce their efficacy. The use of EPNs against vine weevil larvae in the field will be discussed including results from cold-activity studies and application methods.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Haukeland, S.; Lola-Luz, T.",2010,"Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema kraussei and Heterorhabditis megidis against the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus in open field-grown strawberry plants","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",12,4,"363-369","Entomopathogenic nematodes are commercially available for inundative biological control of many insects, including the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Currently, there is a lack of commercial application tests in field-grown crops comparing the efficacy of different species of entomopathogenic nematodes. Field trials were carried out under different growing conditions in Ireland and Norway to evaluate the efficacy of two commercially available nematode species on the market for control of the black vine weevil Heterorhabditis megidis and Steinernema kraussei. Heterorhabditis megidis was evaluated not only at temperatures ideal for this species (soil temperatures above 10 degrees C), but also in the low temperature trials with S. kraussei as a 'positive control'. Steinernema kraussei is sold as a cold active product and was therefore evaluated at low soil temperatures (below 10 degrees C). The overall results indicated that H. megidis was effective as long as temperatures were optimum (not dropping below 10 degrees C). For S. kraussei, the results obtained were rather disappointing, where control barely reached 50% in the trial with the coldest temperature. Temperature and soil type appeared to be a major limiting factor for the efficacy of both nematode species. On the basis of the results and experience obtained in these trials, the future implications for biological control of O. sulcatus with entomopathogenic nematodes in commercial field-grown strawberry production are discussed.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Hayes, A. E.; Fitzpatrick, S. M.; Webster, J. M.",1999,"Infectivity, distribution, and persistence of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae all strain (Rhabditida : Steinernematidae) applied by sprinklers or boom sprayer to dry-pick cranberries","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",92,3,"539-546","We evaluated infectivity, distribution, and persistence of commercially produced Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) All strain applied through solid set sprinkler irrigation or boom sprayer to 2 dry-pick cranberry farms on peat soil in British Columbia in 1993. Most infectivity assays used Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae. When possible, larvae of the target pest. Otiorynchus sulcatas (F.) were used as assay organisms. Nematodes in almost all samples of nematode suspensions diluted from shipping containers, from spray tanks, or collected in cups after passage through application equipment were infective to G. mellonella larvae. When O. sulcatus larvae were used as assay organisms, 93% (n = 14) of assays from the spray tank and 67% (n = 12) of assays after application showed infectivity. In the spring, sprinklers delivered nematodes to only 15 of 20 sample points on the 0.2-ha plot; delivery by the boom sprayer was better but 2 of 20 points on the 0.2 ha plot received approximately twice as many nematodes as the other points. In the fall, nematode delivery by both systems was more even. However, the average number of nematodes per milliliter of sprayed water collected from the 20 samples on each farm after each application did not correspond to the rates of nematodes applied. Persistence of nematodes in the soil was encouraging. but percentage of infectivity was lower than expected. After application in the spring, assays using G. mellonella larvae showed the presence of infective nematodes in soil samples (0-5 and 5-10 cm deep) on each sampling day (0, 3, 7, and 25) after application by boom sprayer, and on days 0, 3, and 7 after application through sprinklers. In the fall, G. mellonella assays showed infective nematodes in soil samples on each sampling day (0, 3, 7, and 25) after application by boom sprayer, and on days 0, 3, 7, 35, 60, 135, and 250 after application through sprinklers. In the spring, when assays lasted 4 d, percentage of infectivity rose to a maximum of 45% on the 3rd d after application by boom sprayer and declined thereafter. In the fall, when assays lasted 10 d, percentage of infectivity rose to a maximum of 58% on the 7th d after application through sprinklers and remained between 20 and 58% until day 135, declining thereafter; infectivity after Loom application remained between 37 and 45% on days 3 and 7, and began to decline on day 25. Nematode infectivity was not compromised in peat Mil, muck, or silty clay loam, but infectivity in loam (that may have contained nematicide residues) was very low. We suggest that the inconsistent control of 0, sulcatus by S. carpocapsae on British Columbia cranberry farms may be partially explained by problems associated with application and factors related to nematode entry into the soil.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Cranberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Helm, H.",2001,"Root weevils: troublesome rhododendron pests","American Rhododendron Society Journal","Journal Article",55,4,"195-198","The life cycle of and damage caused to rhododendrons by root weevils, including Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Geoderces incomptus, Sciopithes obscurus, O. ovatus, O. rugosostriatus, O. singularis and Lepesoma sp., are briefly discussed. Details of the cultural, chemical and biological control of these pests are also included.",{"$nulls":21},"x",null,"Ornamental"]
[null,"x",null,"Helson, G. A. H.",1973,"Insect pests - black vine weevil","New Zealand Journal of Agriculture","Journal Article",126,2,"32-32"]
[null,"x",null,"Hesjedal, K.",1984,"Influence of the nitrogen content in strawberry leaves on the fecundity of the vine weevil, Otiorrhynchus sulcatus F (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica","Journal Article",34,2,"188-192"]
[null,"x","Compatibility test","Heungens, A.; Buysse, G.",1987,"Toxicity of several pesticides in water solution on Heterorhabditis nematodes","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent","Journal Article",52,"2a","631-638","The toxicity of several insecticides and nematicides, was tested at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% a.i concentrations in an aqueous dispersion (250 000 nematodes/litre) at 4-5, 14-15 or 22-23°C, to Heterorhabditis. Lindane (200g/litre), 25% methomyl, parathion (250g/litre) and oxamyl (240g/litre) were very toxic to the nematode; etrimfos (500g/litre), carbofuran (200g/litre) and 50% propoxur had a moderate toxic effect; 25% chlorpyrifos and endosulfan (350g/litre) were slightly toxic to Heterorhabditis. The latter mentioned chemicals can probably be used at concentrations of no more than 0.2% and at temperatures between 14 and 22°C with Heterorhabditis, without causing serious harmful effects to the biological control agent in an integrated programme for the control of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, a pest of ornamental plants."]
["x",null,null,"Heungens, A.; Buysse, G.",1992,"Control of black vine weevil larvae in azalea culture with Heterorhabditid nematodes and the insecticides endosulfan and etrimfos. / Bestrijding van lapsnuitkeverlarven in de azaleateelt met Heterorhabditis-nematoden en de insekticiden endosulfan en etrimfos","Parasitica","Journal Article",48,2,"65-72","In laboratory and pot experiments, treatments of Heterorhabditis spp., endosulfan or etrimfos controlled Otiorhynchus sulcatus on azaleas [Rhododendron]. Applied alone, the chemical insecticides gave better control than the nematode. A combined treatment of the nematode with etrimfos gave the best control (97%) observed in the experiments.","x",null,"x",null,null,"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Hirsch, J.; Reineke, A.",2010,"New findings on the biology, genetics and control of weevils in horticultural crops. / Rüsselkäfer - neue erkenntnisse zur biologie, genetik und bekämpfung in gartenbaulichen kulturen",null,"Generic",null,null,null,"This paper focuses on the development of integrated plant protection methods to control Otiorhynchus. The various Otiorhynchus species and their phenology in nursery and garden perennials are discussed and the efficacy of various biological control agents and natural antagonists, such as ground beetles against the various weevil species in laboratory and field trials are highlighted. In addition, new insights into the genetic variation of O. sulcatus populations and the presence of endosymbionts that could be related to the potential of this new kind of adaptation to host plants are pointed out.",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x",null,null,"x",null,null,"Ornamental",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Hirsch, J.; Sprick, P.; Reineke, A.",2010,"Molecular identification of larval stages of Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) species based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",103,3,"898-907","A couple of different members of the coleopteran genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are becoming increasingly important as pests of nursery and ornamental plants in global horticulture. Although adult weevils are morphologically distinguishable by skilled personnel, high potential for misidentification is given for cryptic larval stages. For developing and applying efficient pest management strategies the determination of the respective species is however a prerequisite, because each species may have a different phenology or a varying susceptibility to pesticides. Here, we report on the development of a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method for differentiation among 16 Otiorhynchus and seven other weevil species independent of their developmental stage. An approximate to 780-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II was amplified and subsequently digested with at most four restriction enzymes generating species-specific fragment patterns. The assay was validated on a total of 127 individuals and the obtained fragment patterns correctly identified 23 different weevil species. The PCR-RFLP method reported here is cost-effective, robust, and fast and could be used in the future by plant protection services for diagnostic purposes.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Hirsch, J.; Strohmeier, S.; Pfannkuchen, M.; Reineke, A.",2012,"Assessment of bacterial endosymbiont diversity in Otiorhynchus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae using a multitag 454 pyrosequencing approach","Bmc Microbiology","Journal Article",12,null,null,"Background: Weevils of the genus Otiorhynchus are regarded as devastating pests in a wide variety of horticultural crops worldwide. So far, little is known on the presence of endosymbionts in Otiorhynchus spp.. Investigation of endosymbiosis in this genus may help to understand the evolution of different reproductive strategies in these weevils (parthenogenesis or sexual reproduction), host-symbiont interactions, and may provide a future basis for novel pest management strategy development. Here, we used a multitag 454 pyrosequencing approach to assess the bacterial endosymbiont diversity in larvae of four economically important Otiorhynchus species. Results: High-throughput tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing of a bacterial 16S rDNA fragment was used to characterise bacterial communities associated with different Otiorhynchus spp. larvae. By sequencing a total of similar to 48,000 PCR amplicons, we identified 49 different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) as bacterial endosymbionts in the four studied Otiorhynchus species. More than 90% of all sequence reads belonged either to the genus Rickettsia or showed homology to the phylogenetic group of \"Candidatus Blochmannia\" and to endosymbionts of the lice Pedicinus obtusus and P. badii. By using specific primers for the genera Rickettsia and \"Candidatus Blochmannia\", we identified a new phylogenetic clade of Rickettsia as well as \"Candidatus Nardonella\" endosymbionts in Otiorhynchus spp. which are closely related to \"Candidatus Blochmannia\" bacteria. Conclusions: Here, we used multitag 454 pyrosequencing for assessment of insect endosymbiotic communities in weevils. As 454 pyrosequencing generates only quite short sequences, results of such studies can be regarded as a first step towards identifying respective endosymbiotic species in insects. In the second step of our study, we analysed sequences of specific gene regions for a more detailed phylogeny of selected endosymbiont genera. As a result we identified the presence of Rickettsia and \"Candidatus Nardonella\" endosymbionts in Otiorhynchus spp.. This knowledge is an important step in exploring bacteria-insect associations for potential use in insect pest control.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Ignatov, B.; Kirkov, K.",1972,"The grape-vine weevils","Rastitelna Zashchita","Journal Article",20,1,"29-31","Damage to grape vines by Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) and O. turca Boh. was noted in the Lom district of Bulgaria in 1970. The adults of these weevils are described, with brief details of their biology. The adults and larvae of both species overwintered. The females of O. sulcatus deposited their eggs on the surface of the soil round the vines, laying an average of 500-600 eggs each. On hatching, the larvae entered the soil and fed on the roots. The overwintered females died in the following autumn. The females of O. turca lived 2-3 years, laying an average of 900 eggs each. Brief indications are given for chemical control.",{"$nulls":20},"x","x","x","Grapes",null,null,null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Ingraham, A. E.; Webster, J. M.",1991,"Efficacy of cold-active strains of Steinernema spp against black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus and the wax moth Galleria mellonella at different temperature","Journal of Nematology","Journal Article",23,4,"534-534",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Irving, R.; Bennison, J.; Umpelby, R.",2012,"Biocontrol in soft fruit",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":6},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Soft fruit",null,null,"x","x","x",null,"x","x",null,"x","x"]
[null,"x","Isolation of pathogens","Jackson, M. A.; Jaronski, S. T.",2008,"New isolated microsclerotia of entomopathogenic fungus comprising Metarhizium species, Beauveria species/Lecanicillium species, useful e.g. to control insects e.g. Reticulitermes, Diabrotica species and Tetanops myopaeformis",null,"Patent","WO2009035925-A2; US2009074809-A1; WO2009035925-A3; EP2200445-A2; CA2699272-A1; MX2010002737-A1; US2011038839-A1",null,null,"NOVELTY - Isolated microsclerotia (I) of an entomopathogenic fungus comprising Metarhizium species, Beauveria species or Lecanicillium species, is new. USE - (I) are useful for controlling insects including root weevils, soil grubs, rootworms, wireworms, fruit flies or root maggots, preferably subterranean termites (Reticulitermes and Coptotermes spp.), corn rootworms (Diabrotica spp.), black vine weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus), wireworms (larvae of family Elateridae), Citrus root weevils (Diaprepes abbreviatus), sugar beet root maggots (Tetanops myopaeformis), cabbage/turnip/onion/seed corn maggots (Delia spp.), carrot rust fly (Psila rosae), sweet potato weevils (Cylas formicarius), Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica) or European chafers (Rhizotrogus majalis). (I) are useful for applying to the bark and canopy of plants and trees to control plant foliage or tree bark inhabiting insects including emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) or pecan weevil (Curculio caryae). (I) are useful, upon rehydration, germinate hyphally or sporogenically, to produce infective, aerial conidia (all claimed). The ability of (I) to kill insects was tested against Tetanops myopaeformis. The result showed that the microsclerotial granules exhibited a mortality value of 100% than the traditional conidia-covered corn grit granule in clay-loam and clay soils. ADVANTAGE - The entomopathogenic fungus is substantially pure. (I) are: desiccation tolerant and produced in high yield; storage stable; and survive at low-cost. (I) exhibit excellent shelf-life at room and refrigerated temperatures and can be processed to formulation sizes, which are compatible with conventional granular pesticide applicators. (I) are capable of germinating both sporogenically and vegetatively, and retain the insecticidal capabilities of their native or normal forms (i.e. hyphae, blastospores and/or conidia of the same entomopathogenic fungus). DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for:(1) a composition comprising (I), where (I), upon rehydration, germinate hyphally or sporogenically to produce infective, aerial conidia;(2) a method for insect control, comprising applying (I) to the locus of the insects; and(3) the preparation of (I)."]
["x",null,null,"Jackson, T. A.; Pearson, J. F.; Barrow, T. H.",1985,"Control of the black vine weevil in strawberries with the nematode Steinernema glaseri","Proceedings, New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference","Journal Article",null,38,"158-161","The entomogenous nematode Steinernema glaseri [Neoaplectana glaseri] was cultured on artificial media and applied to a strawberry crop in New Zealand infested with the curculionid Otiorhynchus sulcatus. The application resulted in successful establishment of the nematode and a 74% reduction of weevil numbers in the treated plots. Laboratory tests showed an LD50 of 470 nematodes/weevil.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Jan, N. D.; Mahar, G. M.; Mahar, A. N.; Hullio, M. H.; Lanjar, A. G.; Gowen, S. R.",2008,"Susceptibility of different insect pupae to the bacterial symbiont, Xenorhabdus nematophila, isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae",null,"Generic",26,null,"59-67","Cells of the bacterial symbiont Xenorhabdus nematophila from the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae entered the pupae of Plutella xylostella after 15 minutes treatment with suspensions containing the bacterial cells. Secretions of Xenorhabdus nematophila, in either broth or water, were found lethal to the pupae of P. xylostella when applied in moist sand. The bacterial symbiont Xenorhabdus nematophila was found lethal to the pupae of greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella), beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and blackvine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) in the absence of the nematode vector and the cells of X. nematophila entered the haemocoele of the pupae.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Jay, C. N.; Cross, J. V.",2000,"Effects of insect growth regulators on vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) egg production and viability","BCPC: Pests & Diseases 2000, Vols 1-3, Proceedings","Book Section",41699,null,"351-356","Vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) adults were exposed to IGR insecticides with three different modes of action: the chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) lufenuron and diflubenzuron, the ecdysone agonists tebufenozide and an experimental compound A, and the juvenile hormone analogue fenoxycarb, by leaf feeding bioassays in the laboratory. The CSIs reduced egg production and viability, especially lufenuron, but the juvenile hormone analogues and ecdysone agonists had no effect. Evaluation of a wider range of benzoylurea CSI insecticides in the laboratory and field is recommended with the aim of developing a new approach to control of the pest.","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Strawberry",null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Johnson, S. N.; Barton, A. T.; Clark, K. E.; Gregory, P. J.; McMenemy, L. S.; Hancock, R. D.",2011,"Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide impairs the performance of root-feeding vine weevils by modifying root growth and secondary metabolites","Global Change Biology","Journal Article",17,2,"688-695","Predicting how insect crop pests will respond to global climate change is an important part of increasing crop production for future food security, and will increasingly rely on empirically based evidence. The effects of atmospheric composition, especially elevated carbon dioxide (eCO(2)), on insect herbivores have been well studied, but this research has focussed almost exclusively on aboveground insects. However, responses of root-feeding insects to eCO(2) are unlikely to mirror these trends because of fundamental differences between aboveground and belowground habitats. Moreover, changes in secondary metabolites and defensive responses to insect attack under eCO(2) conditions are largely unexplored for root herbivore interactions. This study investigated how eCO(2) (700 mu mol mol-1) affected a root-feeding herbivore via changes to plant growth and concentrations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phenolics. This study used the root-feeding vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus and the perennial crop, Ribes nigrum. Weevil populations decreased by 33% and body mass decreased by 23% (from 7.2 to 5.4 mg) in eCO(2). Root biomass decreased by 16% in eCO(2), which was strongly correlated with weevil performance. While root N concentrations fell by 8%, there were no significant effects of eCO(2) on root C and N concentrations. Weevils caused a sink in plants, resulting in 8-12% decreases in leaf C concentration following herbivory. There was an interactive effect of CO(2) and root herbivory on root phenolic concentrations, whereby weevils induced an increase at ambient CO(2), suggestive of defensive response, but caused a decrease under eCO(2). Contrary to predictions, there was a positive relationship between root phenolics and weevil performance. We conclude that impaired root-growth underpinned the negative effects of eCO(2) on vine weevils and speculate that the plant's failure to mount a defensive response at eCO(2) may have intensified these negative effects.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Blackcurrant",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Johnson, S. N.; Crawford, J. W.; Gregory, P. J.; Grinev, D. V.; Mankin, R. W.; Masters, G. J.; Murray, P. J.; Wall, D. H.; Zhang, X.",2007,"Non-invasive techniques for investigating and modelling root-feeding insects in managed and natural systems","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",9,1,"39-46","Root-feeding insects are now considered to play a greater role in ecosystem processes than previously thought, yet little is known about their specific interactions with host plants compared with above-ground insect herbivores. Methodological difficulties associated with studying these insects in the soil, together with the lack of empirical and theoretical frameworks, have conventionally hindered progress in this area. This paper reviews recent empirical and theoretical developments that have been adopted for studying root-feeding insects, focusing on the non-invasive techniques of X-ray tomography and acoustic field detection and how these can be integrated with new mathematical modelling approaches. X-ray tomography has been used for studying the movements of several insects within the soil and has helped to characterize the host plant location behaviour of the clover root weevil, Sitona lepidus. Acoustic detection of soil insects has been used in various managed systems, ranging from nursery containers to citrus groves. Mathematical modelling plays a complementary role for investigating root-feeding insects, illustrated by a number of published models. A model is presented for the movement of S. lepidus in the soil, which suggests that these insects undergo Levy movements, similar to those recently demonstrated for above-ground organisms. The future directions and challenges for investigating root-feeding insects are discussed in the context of the wider ecosystem, incorporating both above and below-ground organisms.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Johnson, S. N.; Mitchell, C.; McNicol, J. W.; Thompson, J.; Karley, A. J.",2013,"Downstairs drivers - root herbivores shape communities of above-ground herbivores and natural enemies via changes in plant nutrients","Journal of Animal Ecology","Journal Article",82,5,"1021-1030","1. Terrestrial food webs are woven from complex interactions, often underpinned by plant-mediated interactions between herbivores and higher trophic groups. Below-and above-ground herbivores can influence one another via induced changes to a shared host plant, potentially shaping the wider community. However, empirical evidence linking laboratory observations to natural field populations has so far been elusive. 2. This study investigated how root-feeding weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) influence different feeding guilds of herbivore (phloem-feeding aphids, Cryptomyzus galeopsidis, and leaf-chewing sawflies, Nematus olfaciens) in both controlled and field conditions. 3. We hypothesized that root herbivore-induced changes in plant nutrients (C, N, P and amino acids) and defensive compounds (phenolics) would underpin the interactions between root and foliar herbivores, and ultimately populations of natural enemies of the foliar herbivores in the field. 4. Weevils increased field populations of aphids by ca. 700%, which was followed by an increase in the abundance of aphid natural enemies. Weevils increased the proportion of foliar essential amino acids, and this change was positively correlated with aphid abundance, which increased by 90% on plants with weevils in controlled experiments. 5. In contrast, sawfly populations were 77% smaller during mid-June and adult emergence delayed by > 14 days on plants with weevils. In controlled experiments, weevils impaired sawfly growth by 18%, which correlated with 35% reductions in leaf phosphorus caused by root herbivory, a previously unreported mechanism for above-ground-below-ground herbivore interactions. 6. This represents a clear demonstration of root herbivores affecting foliar herbivore community composition and natural enemy abundance in the field via two distinct plant-mediated nutritional mechanisms. Aphid populations, in particular, were initially driven by bottom-up effects (i.e. plant-mediated effects of root herbivory), but consequent increases in natural enemies triggered top-down regulation.",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,"x","x",null,"Blackcurrant",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Johnson, S. N.; Petitjean, S.; Clark, K. E.; Mitchell, C.",2010,"Protected raspberry production accelerates onset of oviposition by vine weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus)","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",12,3,"277-283","Soft fruit production is increasingly reliant on crops that are grown under the protection of plastic tunnels, which may also affect insect communities as a result of localized climate change and changes to host plant physiology and chemistry. In particular, insect development rates may differ from field populations, making it more difficult to target control measures. The present study investigated how protected environments affected adult vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) feeding and reproduction on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus). We focused on the period between adult emergence and the onset of oviposition (i.e. the pre-reproductive period), which represents the optimal period for control. Tunnels were up to 4 degrees C warmer than field plantations in 2008, with plants growing significantly faster (50% increase in height and 16% increase in leaf area) than field grown plants. The carbon/nitrogen ratio in leaves was higher in tunnels (12.07) than the field (10.89) as a result of a significant decrease in nitrogen concentrations (3.40 and 3.90 mg g-1, respectively). Over 4 weeks, weevils consumed significantly more foliage in tunnels (370.89 mg) than weevils in the field (166.68 mg), suggesting compensatory feeding to counteract lower leaf nitrogen concentrations. Weevils in tunnels achieved sexual maturity 8 days earlier than those in the field and produced 20-fold more eggs by the time they were 5 weeks old. Applying a degree-day model showed good agreement between predicted and observed pre-reproductive periods for weevils in tunnels (36 and 30 days, respectively) and in field plots (41 and 38 days, respectively).",{"$nulls":19},"x","x",null,"x","Raspberry",null,null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Jones, R. A.",2002,"A lucky escape for a vine weevil (Col.: Curculionidae)","Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation","Journal Article",114,5,"198-198"]
["x",null,null,"Kačic´, S.; Mindoljevic´, N.",2006,"Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. - a pest of ornamental plants. / Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. - štetnik ukrasnog bilja",null,"Generic",6,null,"231-234","O. sulcatus has become a serious pest of ornamental flowering plants and shrubs, both outdoors and under protected cultivation, in Croatia since 2004. This article provides a description of the pest and details its biology and ecology, the damage caused and chemical control measures.",{"$nulls":21},"x",null,"Ornamental"]
["x",null,null,"Kačic´, S.; Vitanovic´, E.; Zanic´, K.; Katalinic´, M.",2009,"Control of the (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.) weevil in protected cultivation. / Suzbijanje pipe (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.) u zaštic´enom prostoru","Glasilo Biljne Zaštite","Journal Article",9,3,"153-157","The presence of the Otiorhynchus sulcatus weevil in Croatia was first recorded in 2006 on ornamental plants in protected cultivation in the region of Dalmatia. Since then it has been regularly occurring every year, while the number of species it attacks has been growing. The major damages are caused by the weevil's larvæ in the root system area that they intensively feed on. The end-result of their presence is decay of plants under attack and manufacturers' financial losses. Therefore, it is very important to find as efficient as possible, and yet environmentally sustainable protective measures against this pest. The paper presents the results of chemical control of the pest by means of various insecticides (chlorpyrifos-ethyl, dimethoate, imidachlopride, alfacipermetrin and biphentrine) and a physical preparation (potassium phosphate) during 2005 and 2006, as well as the results of application of environmentally sustainable protection methods during 2007 and 2008. At the time an own method was applied, i.e. drowning of larvæ; in water, while Rincho-trap strips were used for protection against the adults. None of the applied environmentally sustainable methods was satisfactory, and thus it unfortunately turns out that chemical protective measures are still essential in control of the weevil. It is advisable to use chlorpyrifos-ethyl and dimethoate, since they were the only ones of all used insecticides with a 100% and rapid efficiency in control of the weevil's larvæ, which is quite important, bearing in mind that one surviving larva in the root system area of a young plant causes its decay.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,null,"x","x","x","Ornamental","x",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Kakizaki, M.",2001,"Aggregation behavior of black vine weevil female adults (Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) occurring in Japan",null,"Generic",null,null,"201-203","The population of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, in Japan was observed to exhibit an aggregation behaviour similar to its European counterpart. The females tended to particularly aggregate when food sources were removed. Observations using the Y-tube olfactometer revealed that females were attracted to other individuals, but not to hexane body extracts.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Kakizaki, M.",2001,"Rearing using an artificial diet and oviposition of embryotic undeveloped eggs of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)",null,"Generic",null,null,"204-206","This paper presents the results of an experiment conducted on adult females and larvae of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, reared on artificial diet consisting of soyabean powder and carrot juice.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x","x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Kakouli, T.; Hague, N. G. M.; Otto, A. A.",1993,"Evaluation of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, against the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus","Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars supplement to Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",null,14,"190-191"]
["x",null,null,"Kakouli, T.; Schirocki, A.; Hague, N. G. M.",1994,"Factors affecting the control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus with entomopathogenic nematodes, in strawberries grown on raised beds","Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases - 1994, Vols 1-3","Book Section",null,null,"945-946",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Kakouli-Duarte, T.; Hague, N. G. M.",1999,"Infection, development, and reproduction of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema arenarium (Nematoda : Steinernematidae) in the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)","Nematology","Journal Article",1,null,"149-156","Steinernema arenarium (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) completed a single generation in larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), at 23 degrees C. From the time of initial exposure of the insects to the nematodes, infection, formation of adults, and appearance of infective juveniles (IT) occurred at 18, 48, and 120 h, respectively. In second instar (L2) O. sulcatus, small stunted females developed, but in late instar larvae (L6), stunted females co-existed with normal sized females. The stunted female nematodes developing in L6 O. sulcatus produced stunted progeny and the giant females normal sized IJ. The total body length and greatest body diameter of the larger Il from O. sulcatus were similar to those recorded for normal sized IJ exiting Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The length of the small Il was just over half the length of the large IJ produced in O. sulcatus and G. mellonella. IJ of both size groups were pathogenic to G. mellonella, and the small IJ matured into normal giant females within larger hosts. Small Il of S. arenarium were able to infect L2 O. sulcatus in significantly higher numbers than normal sized IJ. The reasons for the single generation and production of stunted females and IJ are addressed.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Kakouli-Duarte, T.; Labuschagne, L.; Hague, N. G. M.",1997,"Biological control of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida)","Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",131,1,"11-27","Trials conducted under glasshouse conditions showed that control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae in strawberry plants can be effective using Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis megidis, given that temperature and moisture extremes are avoided. In field experiments, the double line T-Tape(R) drip irrigation system performed better than the single line T-Tape(R) system, effectively distributing the nematodes along and across strawberry raised beds, and placing them close to the root zone where O. sulcatus larvae feed. As soil temperatures are satisfactory for nematode infectivity from late spring to early autumn, nematode applications were aimed at late instar larvae during spring, and early instar larvae during summer. Late summer field treatment with S. carpocapsae induced 49.5% reduction of the early instar larvae, and field application of the same nematode species in late spring resulted in 65% control of late instar larvae. In the same trial, spring application of H. megidis caused 26% mortality of late instar larvae of O. sulcatus.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x","x",null,"Strawberry","x","x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Kaya, H. K.; Burlando, T. M.; Choo, H. Y.; Thurston, G. S.",1995,"Integration of entomopathogenic nematodes with Bacillus thuringiensis or pesticidal soap for control of insect pests","Biological Control","Journal Article",5,3,"432-441","The integration of entomopathogenic nematodes and Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki or a pesticidal soap controlled insect pests inhabiting the soil and foliage in the greenhouse. The nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora controlled larvae of the masked chafer Cyclocephala hirta or the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus in the soil and a commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis (Javelin) controlled larvae of the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni on foliage. The combination of H. bacteriophora or Steinernema carpocapsae with a pesticidal soap (M-Pede) was effective against larvae of the spotted cucumber beetle Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata in soil and all feeding stages of the cabbage aphid Breuicoryne brassicae on foliage. After combining and immediately applying both the nematode and B. thuringiensis or pesticidal soap, positive results were obtained against insects in the soil and on foliage. The combinations of nematode and B. thuringiensis or pesticidal soap were held for 4 days with or without aeration, and the fate of the nematodes was observed daily. Both nematode species survived well in the B. thuringiensis formulations with aeration. Without aeration, S. carpocapsae was unaffected by the B. thuringiensis formulations, but H, bacteriophora showed poor survival in the two commercial formulations (Javelin after 1 day and Biobit after 3 days). With or without aeration, both nematode species were adversely affected in the pesticidal soap, but H. bacteriophora showed a higher mortality rate than S carpocapsae. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Kaya, H. K.; Burlando, T. M.; Thurston, G. S.",1993,"2 Entomopathogenic nematode species with different search strategies for insect suppression","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",22,4,"859-864","Combining two species of entomopathogenic nematodes with different search strategies suppressed two pest species of soil insects when they occurred in the same habitat. The majority of individuals of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) have a sit and wait (ambusher) strategy and tend to be near the soil surface. This species was effective against larvae of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which feeds near or at the soil sur-face. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar has an active foraging (cruiser) strategy and occurs deeper in the soil profile. It was effective against larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), which occurs near roots. Soil temperature influenced the results. At 22-degrees-C, both nematode species killed their respective target insect within 1 wk. At 16-degrees-C, S. carpocapsae killed black cutworm larvae, but H. bacteriophora was not effective against black vine weevil larvae 2 wk after treatment. A few black vine weevil larvae were infected with H. bacteriophora at that temperature, and a longer exposure of the black vine weevil larvae to the nematode may have increased efficacy. In addition to search strategies, the susceptibility of the insects to the nematode species plays an important role in pest suppression.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental","x",null,"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Kempler, C.; Daubeny, H. A.; Harding, B.; Frey, L.; Baumann, T. E.; Finn, C. E.; Khanizadeh, S.; Jamieson, A. R.; MacKenzie, K.; Moore, P. P.; Sweeney, M.",2011,"'Stolo' Strawberry","Hortscience","Journal Article",46,7,"1046-1048"]
["x",null,null,"Kepler, R. M.; Bruck, D. J.",2006,"Examination of the interaction between the black vine weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) and an entomopathogenic fungus reveals a new tritrophic interaction","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",35,4,"1021-1029","The purpose of this study was to characterize the behavior of black vine weevil larvae, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), in the presence of two possible control options: the synthetic pyrethroid bifenthrin and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorokin. Five third-instar black vine weevil were placed in two-choice soil olfactometers that allowed larvae to infest one of two pots. Larvae were allowed to choose between M. anisophae (1 X 10(6) spores/g dry media) and untreated media, bifenthrin (25 ppm) and untreated media, as well as M. anisopliae- and bifenthrin-treated media. For all comparisons, experiments were conducted without plants in the system to test for innate responses, as well as with plants to test host-plant influence. Larvae were significantly deterred by bifenthrin without plants present in the system. No significant effect on larval preference was observed when M. anisopliae was present in media for trials without plants. M. anisopliae-treated media was preferred by black vine weevil larvae over bifenthrin without plants present in the two-choice soil olfactometer. When plants were included, a significant attraction to M. anisopliae-treated media was observed over untreated media. Unlike comparisons without plants, larvae were not repelled by bifenthrin when plants were included in the two-choice soil olfactometer. The attraction of black vine weevil larvae to pots containing plants and fungus indicates the operation of a previously undescribed tritrophic interaction. This behavior may be useful in the development of more effective biological control programs.","x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Kershaw, M. J.; Moorhouse, E. R.; Bateman, R.; Reynolds, S. E.; Charnley, A. K.",1999,"The role of destruxins in the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae for three species of insect","Journal of Invertebrate Pathology","Journal Article",74,3,"213-223","The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var anisopliae produces a family of cyclic peptide toxins, destruxins (DTX), both in culture and in vivo in mycosed insects. The contribution of these insecticidal toxins to the disease process has been investigated in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera), the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera), and the vine weevil, Orthoptera sulcatus (Coleoptera), A significant negative correlation was found between the titer of DTX production in vitro of isolates of M. anisopliae var anisopliae pathogenic for Otiorhynchus and the median lethal time, suggesting a role for the toxin in isolate virulence. The same was true for Manduca-active isolates. A key exception was isolate 703, This is highly virulent for M. sexta, yet does not produce DTX in vitro, grows largely as hyphal fragments in the hemolymph of infected insects, and does not cause host paralysis. These results are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that there are at least two possible virulence strategies among isolates of M. anisopliae var anisopliae pathogenic for Manduca viz the \"toxin strategy\" and the \"growth strategy.\" For locusts, a strong positive correlation was found only between in vitro toxin production and percentage mortality of individuals in which sporulation did not occur on the cadaver. To account for this, it is suggested that if DTX kills locusts before the fungus has established itself, then the pathogen may not compete effectively with the saprophytic flora and, as a result, fails to sporulate. It is concluded that, in the pathogenesis of M. anisopliae var anisopliae for all three insects, there is a relationship between the titer of DTX production of isolates in vitro and the killing power. (C) 1999 Academic Press.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental"]
["x",null,null,"Kinoshita, M.; Yamanaka, S.",1998,"Development and prevalence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Japan","Japanese Journal of Nematology","Journal Article",28,"Special Issue","42-45","The use of entomophilic nematode-based control products are discussed. Recent field tests include: Steinernema carpocapsae against Sphenophorus venatus vestitus, Spodoptera depravata, Parapediasia teterrella, Agrotis ipsilon, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, and Spodoptera litura; the use of S. glaseri and S. kushidai was also trialed. Preliminary trials of S. carpocapsae on Cylas formicarius and Euscepes postfasciatus, and of S. feltiae on Lycoriella mali have been conducted. In 1993, Biosafe (S. carpocapsae) was registered for turf pest control in Japan and is very effective against larvae of S. venatus vestitus compared with chemical insecticides.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Klingen, I.; Westrum, K.",2009,"Rhizosphere competence of insect pathogenic fungi in the control of Othiorhynchus sulcatus in strawberries under cold climatic conditions","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",45,null,"291-294","The vine weevil, Othiorynchus sulcatus, is a serious pest in strawberries in Norway and biological control methods are needed to combat this pest. In this study, the rhizosphere competence of two cold active Norwegian fungal isolates (Metarhizium anisopliae isolate NCRI 250/02 and Beauveria bassiana NCRI 12/96 and the well known Ma43, originating from Austria) were tested by estimating fungal concentrations counting colony forming units (CFUs) in the bulk and rhizosphere soil surrounding the strawberry plant roots. The highest numbers of B. bassiana NCRI 12/96 CFUs were recorded in the rhizosphere at 1.87×109 per liter soil 3 months after application. The highest numbers of M. anisopliae NCRI 250/02 CFUs were recorded in the rhizosphere at 2.41×109 per liter soil 1 year after application. Numbers of CFUs of M. ansiopliae Ma43 CFUs were generally lower than for the Norwegian isolates, but also for this isolate a higher fungal concentration was found in the rihzosphere soil than in the bulk soil.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":4},"Strawberry"]
["x",null,null,"Klinger, J.",1986,"Introduction and effectiveness of insect parasitic nematodes of the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus). / Einsatz und Wirksamkeit insektenparasitischer Nematoden gegen den Gefurchten Dickmaulrüssler","Gärtnermeister","Journal Article",89,13,"277-279","Larvae of O. sulcatus feed on roots and shoot bases of a wide range of ornamental and fruit plants. In trials in 1983 with the parasitic nematode Heterorhabditis heliothidis, which is commercially mass produced in Switzerland, 60-100% of the larvae of O. sulcatus and O. rugifrons damaging potted Vitis and outdoor Euonymus fortunei, Astilbe, Sedum, Saxifraga, Rhododendron and Erica were killed. In 1984 the nematodes were introduced in moist soil when ambient temperatures were ≥ 12°C from late April to early May to control spring larvae and from late September to late October for autumn larvae.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Klingler, J.",1988,"Heterorhabditis nematodes in a dip method against weevils. / Heterorhabditis nematoden im tauchverfahren gegen dickmaulrüssler","Gärtnermeister","Journal Article",91,17,"369-371","The entomophilic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. (HW 79) was tested in Switzerland in 1987 against larvae and pupae of Otiorhynchus salicicola infesting cuttings of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) in the field and against O. sulcatus on Sedum in pots; a dipping method using a suspension of 1000 nematodes/litre in the former case and about 300 nematodes/litre of water in the second case was used. Control of the weevils averaged 99.8-99.9% for O. salicicola and 93.3-93.4% for O. sulcatus.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Klingler, J.",1988,"Investigations on the parasitism of Otiorhynchus salicicola and O. sulcatus (Col.: Curculionidae) by Heterorhabditis sp. (Nematoda)","Entomophaga","Journal Article",33,3,"325-331","The biological control of Otiorhynchus salicicola and O. sulcatus with the entomophilic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. was studied outdoors and in the greenhouse in Switzerland. Dipping plastic boxes containing heavily infested cuttings of laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) in a nematode suspension (1000 infective juveniles/ml), resulted in approximately 100% parasitism of full-grown larvae, pupae and unemerged young adults of O. salicicola. The average dose resulting from dipping was 56 000-62 000 nematodes/litre soil. Potted Ligustrum vulgare plants were inoculated with eggs of O. salicicola (85 eggs/pot) and 20 000 infective juvenile nematodes/litre soil were added to the soil surface. The resulting curculionid mortality was 78.4%. In 7 greenhouse tests with the same nematode dose in pots to which larvae and/or pupae were added, mortality was 76-100%. It is concluded that heterorhabditid nematodes may provide effective control of O. salicicola. The influence of application time on nematode efficacy against larvae of O. sulcatus in pots with strawberry plants was also investigated in the greenhouse. When nematodes were added a few days before larvae hatched, no parasitism was obtained, but when nematodes were applied shortly after larval eclosion complete control was achieved.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Klingler, J.",1990,"Entomopathogenic nematodes against the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus in Switzerland","Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft","Journal Article",63,null,"375-380","This weevil is a very polyphagous insect attacking ornamental plants as well as grapevines and strawberries. During heavy attacks in vineyards in the middle of this century, it could be controlled by the use of DDT. Later on, cultural means, i.e. grafting of the European vines, were found to effectively reduce weevil populations. The main centers of attack nowadays are ornamental plants in nurseries, glasshouses and in the surroundings of modern dwelling houses. Here, there is a growing reluctance to use toxic insecticides. The entomophagous nematode species of the genus Heterorhabditis represent an alternative to chemical control. Extensive field experiments showed them to be highly effective against the larvae of O. sulcatus. In Switzerland an entomophagous nematode, Heterorhabditis sp. has been massproduced and commercialized since 1985. At present, total annual sale values are round about 1 million Swiss francs. The successful biological control of O. sulcatus by means of nematodes has strongly stimulated research in this field.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x","x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Klingler, J.",1990,"Effect of cold storage on survival and parasitic activity of Heterorhabditis sp","Entomophaga","Journal Article",35,3,"493-496","Heterorhabditis sp. (HW79) was stored in its culture substrate in Erlenmeyer flasks at a temperature of 6.0 ± 0.4°C and surviving infective juveniles were counted after 1, 22, 42, and 63 days of storage. No significant decrease in the number of surviving juveniles was found even after 63 days, nor was there any increase in the number of dead juveniles after this time. No reduction in parasitic activity against Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae was observed in juveniles stored at 6°C for up to 66 days. These experiments demonstrate that Heterorhabditis sp. survives well under the mentioned conditions and fully maintains its infectivity, an important aspect in planning mass production of nematodes for commercialization.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Köllner, V.; Backhaus, G. F.",1996,"Studies on the survival of Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae in peat substrates","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"61-62",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Kowalska, J.",2008,"The potential of Beauveria brongniartii and botanical insecticides based on neem to control Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae in containerised plants - Short communication","Plant Protection Science","Journal Article",44,1,"37-40","Otiorhynchus sulcatus is considered as an important pest of strawberry fields and on potted ornamental plants. The efficacy to control this pest by new Polish products containing azadirachtin and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartii were tested. The aim of the laboratory investigation was to assess the influence of different forms of azadirachtin (A and B) and the entomopathogen on mortality and physiological development of the insect. Mortality after treatment ranged between 86-93%. There were significant differences in the mean number of surviving stages of the insect between Beauveria and neem treatments, but the final total mortality was not statistically different. Sensitivity of all developmental stages to the fungus was observed. In the neem treatments the physiological development of larvae was completely stopped. The level of control achieved by Beauveria and neem for use in outdoor containers is acceptable for practical application.",null,"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
[null,"x","No information","Kramer, I.; Bassangova, N.; Grunder, J. M.",2000,"Preferred plants of adult vine weevils and related species in Swiss home gardens",null,"Generic",null,null,"131-131","A list of Otiorhynchus and other curculionid species found on plants cultivated in Swiss gardens is provided."]
["x",null,null,"Kramer, I.; Grunder, J.",1998,"Efficacy of EPN's application by irrigation systems on black vine weevil larvae control","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",21,4,"179-182","The efficacy of two different plant irrigation systems for suitable application of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) was compared in strawberry cultures. Retention of nematodes was unacceptably high (70-100%) in the simple drip irrigation system (SDIS). The advanced drip irrigation system (ADIS) of type T-Tape®, had no measurable retention in 1995, whereas two years later the same system kept about 40% of the nematodes back. The effect of retention depended rather on the water pressure than on the irrigation system. The distribution of EPN among different rows of an application system was almost equal (rel. errors: 22-27%). Irregularities can appear in the distribution along the rows (rel. errors: 23-88%). This happened when the water pressure was 1 or 2 bar instead of 5 bar, where the application performance was optimal. An additional problem is the failure or part failure of valves and outlets by clogging and calcification (3-6% in ADIS and 20% in SDIS system).",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":17},"x","x",null,"Strawberry"]
["x",null,null,"Kühnel, A.; Neubauer, C.; Jordan, B.; Heitmann, B.",2010,"Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against Otiorhynchus sulcatus depending on temperature. / Wirkung verschiedener entomopathogener nematoden gegenüber Otiorhynchus sulcatus in abhängigkeit von der temperatur",null,"Generic",null,null,null,"This paper focuses on the efficacy of commercially available strains of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora against Otiorhynchus sulcatus at different temperatures (8, 12 and 16°C) on potted Taxus baccata. The cold tolerance of these entomopathogenic nematodes are also discussed.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,"Ornamental"]
["x",null,null,"La Lone, R. S.; Clark, R. G.",1981,"Larval development of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and effects of larval density on larval mortality and injury to rhododendron","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",10,null,"190-191","The 6 larval instars of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) completed development from eggs inoculated to container-grown rhododendron in 84 or 211 days when grown indoors or outdoors, respectively. Larval mortality was greatestduring instars I-III. During instars IV-VI, mortality increased with increasing insect density. Underground stem tissue was fed on exclusively by instars IV-VI and the amount of tissue removed increased with larval density.",{"$nulls":19},"x","x","x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Labuschagne, L.",1994,"Pest status, biology and behaviour of vine weevil","Vine weevil workshop. Conference proceedings. 6th June 1994.","Book"]
["x",null,null,"Labuschagne, L.",1999,"Black vine weevil - the millennium bug?","Antenna (London)","Journal Article",23,4,"213-220","The life cycle and pest status of Otiorhynchus sulcatus in the UK is described. Factors are identified that are associated with its life cycle and behaviour and the limited efficiency of available (chemical) control measures that have contributed to the gradual elevation of its pest status. The importance of monitoring its spread across farms and nurseries is emphasized. The efficacy of some physical and cultural control methods is discussed. The importance of developing an integrated management strategy for the pest is emphasized, and the role of entomopathogenic nematodes in this is considered. A possible role for symbiotic fungi is noted.","x",null,"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":22},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Labuschagne, L.; Wainwright, H.; Jennings, D. L.",1997,"Evidence of variation in susceptibility to vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) in strawberry cultivars","Third International Strawberry Symposium, Vols. 1 and 2","Book Section",null,null,"877-880","Leaves from strawberry plants of the cultivars Cambridge Favourite, Elsanta, Rhapsody, Symphony and seedling 7/6 were fed to adult vine weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) under laboratory conditions. Preferential feeding was evaluated as a means of determining weevil susceptibility by exposing leaves of all cultivars simultaneously to adult weevils. The cultivar Symphony showed significantly lower number of notches per leaf and total area of leaf eaten than other cultivars. In another trial, adult weevils were placed separately on leaves of different cultivars and the number of eggs laid determined. Though not statistically significant, less eggs were laid when weevils were fed on 'Symphony' leaves, whilst the most eggs were produced when weevils were fed on 'Rhapsody' leaves. There is some evidence that the results found in the laboratory are correlated with vine weevil damage found in the field. As a consequence, the technique of examining feeding and egg laying behaviour in the laboratory may be of value in the rapid screening of a cultivar's susceptibility to damage in the field.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Strawberry",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","Review only","Lacey, L. A.; Georgis, R.",2012,"Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of insect pests above and below ground with comments on commercial production","Journal of Nematology","Journal Article",44,2,"218-225","Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been utilized in classical, conservation, and augmentative biological control programs. The vast majority of applied research has focused on their potential as inundatively applied augmentative biological control agents. Extensive research over the past three decades has demonstrated both their successes and failures for control of insect pests of crops, ornamental plants, trees and lawn and turf. In this paper we present highlights of their development for control of insect pests above and below ground. The target insects include those from foliar, soil surface, cryptic and subterranean habitats. Advances in mass-production and formulation technology of EPNs, the discovery of numerous efficacious isolates/strains, and the desirability of reducing pesticide usage have resulted in a surge of commercial use and development of EPNs. Commercially produced EPNs are currently in use for control of scarab larvae in lawns and turf, fungus gnats in mushroom production, invasive mole crickets in lawn and turf, black vine weevil in nursery plants, and Diaprepes root weevil in citrus in addition to other pest insects. However, demonstrated successful control of several other insects, often has not lead to capture of a significant share of the pesticide market for these pests."]
["x",null,null,"LaMondia, J. A.; Cowles, R. S.",2009,"Evaluation of strawberry breeding lines for tolerance to black root rot and black vine weevil feeding","Phytopathology","Journal Article",100,6,"S195-S195",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",{"$nulls":7},"x"]
["x",null,null,"LaMondia, J. A.; Cowles, R. S.; Los, L.",2005,"Prevalence and potential impact of soil-dwelling pests and insect pathogenic nematodes in strawberry fields","Hortscience","Journal Article",40,5,"1366-1370","Surveys mailed to strawberry growers in 1999 determined the state of nematode and root weevil awareness and practices for their management. Based on the survey response, 41 fields representative of various practices were selected for sampling throughout Connecticut. Adult black vine weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) were found in only 3 fields, but notched leaves characteristic of their feeding were found in 40 fields, indicating a greater prevalence than perceived by growers. The percentage of notched leaves was positively correlated with years in production, suggesting that it took some time for the flightless weevils to migrate into and to increase to damaging numbers in fields. In fields older than 2 years, bifenthrin insecticide reduced leaf feeding compared to untreated fields or to fields treated with endosulfan or azinphos-methyl. Lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans) were detected in 31 fields and were present in about 58% of plants. When present, nematode numbers were greater in the margins of poor areas than in adjacent healthy plants (735 vs. 428 per g root, respectively). Lesion nematode numbers were also greater in replanted strawberries than rotated fields (760 vs. 304, respectively). Soil fumigation with methyl bromide, but not methyl dithiocarbamate or the combination of 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin, reduced nematode densities in the following strawberry crop. Based on an economic model, nematodes reduced accumulated profit over 4 fruiting years by more than the percent loss of fruit yield. Beneficial insect pathogenic nematodes, predominantly Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae, were found in 75% of fields to which commercially obtained nematodes had been applied, and to 14% of the remaining fields. Presence of naturally occurring insect pathogenic nematodes in strawberry fields may control root weevil populations and lead to more years of productivity.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x","Strawberry",{"$nulls":10},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Landi, S.",1990,"Possibility of biological control of Otiorhynchus spp. on ornamental plants in nurseries. / Possibilità di controllo biologico di Otiorhynchus spp. su piante ornamentali in vivaio","Redia","Journal Article",73,2,"261-273","Commercially available strains of the entomophilic nematodes Heterorhabditis spp. (Terbiot) and Steinernema spp. [Neoaplectana spp.] (Pianbiot) and experimental strains of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis and Verticillium lecanii were tested for their effectiveness as biological control agents against the curculionids Otiorhynchus sulcatus and O. salicicola on ornamental plants in the greenhouse and field at a nursery in Pistoia in Italy in 1989. The entomophilic nematodes were more effective than B. t. subsp. tenebrionis against larvae in the soil in both the greenhouse and field, despite minimum soil temperatures being below 12°C, which is considered to be the thermal limit of the nematodes' activity. Mortality of larvae in the greenhouse was about 90-98%, compared with field results of 70-90% in tests conducted in March and October, and only 27 and 33% for Neoaplectana and Heterorhabditis, resp., for tests conducted in February when the temperature was lower. B. t. subsp. tenebrionis caused larval mortality of 27.5% in the greenhouse and 70% under a constant temperature of 20°C. The bacterial strain was ineffective against adults and its use as a biological control agent against Otiorhynchus spp. is not recommended. Application of V. lecanii to the soil did not give control of 1st- or 2nd-instar larvae.",null,"x","x",null,"x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,"x","x","x",null,null,null,"x","x","x","x","Ornamental","x","x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Lascaux, É; Piron, M.; Turquet, M.; Vignaud, A.; Lacordaire, A. I.",2009,"Current view of integrated biological protection in raspberries. / Regard actuel sur la protection biologique intégrée en fraise","PHM Revue Horticole","Journal Article",null,509,"28-35","An account is given of various biological control agents and related agents used in France in the protection of raspberries against fungal diseases and mite and insect pests. These include: Verticillium lecanii VE6 (in the form of the product Mycotal®), a fungal parasite that has been used since 2005 to control infestation of raspberries by aleurodes (Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Bemisia tabaci, and, less often, Aleyrodes lonicerae, which has not yet been studied with Mycotal); beneficial insects and other tools to control thrips (the predatory mite Amblyseius - A. cucumeris [Neoseiulus cucumeris] and A. swirskii, the predatory insect Orius, and pheromone traps); the control of mite pests by predatory mites and insects; Chrysoperla carnea as a predator of aphids (including a report from a research study); use of the nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae to control the curculionid Otiorhynchus sulcatus; and use of S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae to control the pyralid Duponchelia fovealis.",{"$nulls":12},"x","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,"Raspberry"]
["x",null,null,"Łbanowska, B. H.",2007,"Strawberry pests and possibilities for their control. / Szkodniki truskawki i mozliwości ich zwalczania",null,"Generic",52,null,"14-17","Descriptions are provided of the main arthropod pests of strawberry plantations in Poland and the damage they cause. Information is also provided on control measures, including mechanical, cultural and chemical methods. The pests dealt with are white grubs [Scarabaeidae] and wireworms [Elateridae] living in the soil, strawberry mite (Phytonemus pallidus), strawberry blossom weevil (Anthonomus rubi), red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), root weevils (Otiorhynchus ovatus and O. sulcatus) and less significant pests such as aphids, leaf rollers (Tortricidae) and tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis).",{"$nulls":20},"x","x",null,"Strawberry"]
["x",null,null,"Łbanowska, B. H.",2007,"Control of strawberry root weevils in strawberry plantations. / Zwalczanie opuchlaków (Otiorhynchus sp.) na plantacjach truskawki","Progress in Plant Protection","Journal Article",47,1,"284-288","In Poland the strawberry plants are damaged by the strawberry root weevils: Otiorhynchus ovatus L. and Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. Efficacy of new insecticides was tested during 2003-2005 on strawberry plantations in central part of Poland. Actara 25 WG (thiametoxam) - 0.8 kg/ha, Calypso 480 SC (thiacloprid) - 0.6 l/ha and Mospilan 20 SP (acetamiprid) - 0.6 kg/ha applied as a single spray-treatment before blossoming of strawberry gave satisfactory or good reduction of strawberry root weevil (O. ovatus). Actara 25 WG (0.6 and 0.8 kg/ha) and Calypso 480 SC (0.8 l/ha) applied as a single or double spray-treatments after fruit harvest, gave good results in control of O. ovatus and O. sulcatus, similarly as standard insecticide - Dursban 480 EC (chloropiryfos) - 5.0 l/ha. The highest effectiveness of two species of strawberry root weevils control showed Regent 200 SC (fipronil) - 0.4 and 0.8 l/ha, applied as a single or double spray-treatments after fruit harvest.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x",null,"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",null,"Strawberry"]
["x",null,null,"Łbanowska, B. H.; Olszak, R.; Tkaczuk, C.; Augustyniuk-Kram, A.",2004,"Efficacy of chemical and biological control of the strawberry root weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus L.) and the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.) in strawberry plantations in Poland","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",27,4,"153-159","Strawberry root weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus) and sometimes also black vine weevil (O. sulcatus) destroy many plants in strawberry plantations in different regions of Poland. There have been only 2 compounds registered to control pests on strawberry for the last few years. One is Basudin 10 GR or Diazinon 10 GR (diazinon), registered to control the larvae in the spring before blossom and also after harvest of strawberry. The other is Dursban 480 EC or Pyrinex 480 EC (chlorpyrifos) used to control the adults and young larvae just after harvest. As the soil pests are still very important, we looked for new ways of controlling them. The effectiveness of some new compounds was studied in the field during 2001-03. The treatments were applied (foliar and soil application) in July, just after fruit harvest, when the adults were feeding on the leaves and laying the eggs in the soil, and when young larvae were present in the soil. Of the neonicotinoid insecticides evaluated, the best results were obtained with Actara 25 WG (thiametoxam) at 0.6 and 0.8 kg/ha (effectiveness was 81-99%, depending on the year and experiment). Mospilan 20 SP (acetamiprid) at 0.3 and 0.6 kg/ha gave variable results, (efficacy 83-92% in 2001/02, but 46-92% during 2002/03, depending on the plantation). Calypso 480 SC (thiacloprid) at a rate of 0.6 litres/ha in experiments in 2001/02 showed 73-93% efficacy, but in the next year Calypso 480 SC used at a rate of 0.8 litre/ha reduced the pest infestation by only 58-60%. The standard insecticide, Dursban 480 EC (chlorpyrifos) in some experiments, gave better results or similar effectiveness to the neonicotinoid insecticides (2001/02), but in later experiments, all the neonicotinoids gave better results than chlorpyrifos. Biological control of root weevils with Larvanem (Heterorhabditis megidis, entomopathogenic nematodes) gave excellent results in experiments in 2001/02, but poorer results in the following year when the weather was dry and hot. The use of the fungus, Beauveria bassiana, in 2001/02 also gave good results.","x","x","x",null,null,"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Lebrun, D.",2002,"Otiorhynchus in ornamental nurseries: biology and test of a new insecticide. / L'otiorhynque en pépinière ornementale: biologie et essais d'un nouvel insecticide","PHM Revue Horticole","Journal Article",null,441,"24-26","The origin, biology and damage caused by Otiorhynchus sulcatus to ornamental nurseries in France are described. The insecticide Talstar Flo (bifenthrin) was evaluated for the control of this pest on Lonicera nitida Maigrun in France during 2001, as preventative and curative treatments. The efficacy of control was 90.5% as a preventative measure, and 100, 99.4 and 91.7% when applied 27, 57 and 90 days after infestation, respectively.","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",{"$nulls":14},"x","Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Lebrun, D.; Lempérière, G.",1998,"Efficacy of Suxon Vert (R) for the control of vine weevil in ornamental tree nurseries. / Efficacitéétendue du Suxon Vert (R) pour la maîtrise de l'otiorhynque en pépinière ornementale",null,"Generic",null,null,"105-106","Vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, one of the most serious pests of containerized tree nursery stock, causes damage by larvae feeding on the root system and the base of the stem, and by adults feeding on the leaves. Approved Suxon Vert, a slow-release formulation of chlorpyrifos granules, was tested at 100 g a.i./m³, with a controlled infestation on four different mixes to evaluate the efficacy after 2 years. Results were as follows: mix 30% peat + 70% pine bark: 83% efficacy. Mix 50% peat + 50% pine bark: 90.4% efficacy. Commercial mix (80% pine bark with loam): 88.3 % efficacy. Mix 70% peat + 30% pine bark: 65.4 % efficacy.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":15},"x",null,"Ornamental",null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Lee, J. C.; Edwards, D. L.",2012,"Impact of predatory carabids on below- and above-ground pests and yield in strawberry","Biocontrol","Journal Article",57,4,"515-522","The impact of adult carabid beetles on below- and above-ground pests and fruit yield was examined in the laboratory and a two-year strawberry field study. In the laboratory, adults of Carabus nemoralis Muller, Nebria brevicollis (F.), Pterostichus algidus LeConte, Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger), and Scaphinotus marginatus Fischer (Coleoptera: Carabidae) consumed black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) eggs, larvae and/or pupae placed on the surface. The same five carabid species showed no impact or low removal rates of O. sulcatus larvae that had burrowed into the root of potted strawberry plants. In an assay with only P. melanarius, adults consumed O. sulcatus larvae placed on the soil surface more frequently than larvae buried 1.3 or 5 cm below. In a field study, the density of adult carabids, predominantly P. melanarius, was manipulated with augmented, exclusion, and open control plots (2 x 2 m). Manipulating carabid density had no impact on the removal of sentinel O. sulcatus larvae and pupae that were buried belowground which is consistent with laboratory observations. Increasing carabid density within augmented plots led to greater removal of red clover seeds, Trifolium pratense L., placed on the soil surface in the first year. Decreasing carabid density within exclusion plots resulted in fewer marketable fruits compared to control plots in both years. These results suggest that certain adult carabids may have limited impact belowground, and some beneficial impacts above-ground with pest control and crop protection.",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x",null,null,"x","x",null,"Strawberry","x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Lempérière, G.; Chauvel, G.",2004,"Methods of control of weevil on ornamental crops. / Méthodes de lutte contre l'otiorhynque en culture ornementale","PHM Revue Horticole","Journal Article",null,455,"28-30","Notes are given on the life cycle and damage of Otiorhynchus sulcatus. Control methods on ornamental plants include cultural methods, chemical control and biological control. The entomophilic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae, S. glaseri, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. megidis and the entomogenous fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus can be used for the control of larvae.","x","x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x","x","x","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Li, S. Y.; Fitzpatrick, S. M.; Henderson, D. E.",1995,"Grooved board traps for monitoring the black vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in raspberry fields","Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia","Journal Article",92,0,"97-100","A grooved board trap was tested to determine the effects of trap size (two sizes) and bait (apple pomace) on capturing the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus on raspberries, Rubus idaeus. Large traps (30 times 30 cm) caught significantly more weevils than small ones (15 times 15 cm). Large traps were also more sensitive in capturing weevils than small ones, which will be important when the weevil density is low. Apple pomace bait did not significantly enhance the attractiveness of grooved board traps to the black vine weevil. Grooved board traps may also be useful for weevil monitoring in other crops.",{"$nulls":20},"x",null,"x","Raspberry",{"$nulls":11},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Lola-Luz, T.; Downes, M.",2007,"Biological control of black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus in Ireland using Heterorhabditis megidis","Biological Control","Journal Article",40,3,"314-319","Heterorhabditis megidis (UK211)was applied against black vine weevil (BVW, Otiorhynchus sulcatus) in potted plants in a polyethylene (2002) or glasshouse (2003) and in field planted strawberries (2003). Both potted and field strawberries were artificially infested with BVW larvae. In a 2002 pot planting in the polyethylene house, a single drench application of 25,000 H. megidis infective juveniles per plant in 50 ml of water in mid September, reduced the number of BVW larvae to 1.8/20 plants. A second application in early October gave a reduction of 0.2/20 plants and in the third application, the following March no live weevils were recovered, compared to the control which had 8.2 larvae/20 plants. In a 2003 pot planting in a glasshouse, similar treatments gave a reduction of 5.2, 5.4 and 0.8 larvae/20 plants, respectively, compared to the control where 26.2 larvae/20 plants were recovered. In an artificially, BVW infested field trial, similar treatments gave a reduction to 2.2 larvae/20 plants in the single September treatment, and 2 larvae/20 plants in the single October treatment. The double (September and October) application reduced BVW larvae further to 1.6/20 plants and the triple (September, October and April) application to 0.4 larvae/20 plants, compared to the control where four larvae corresponded to every 20 plants. There was, therefore, little difference between the single and double autumn treatments indoors or in the field, and it mattered little whether the single application in the field was made in September or October under the conditions of 2003. Early spring application gave a significant reduction in BVW in each of the three experiments. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Lola-Luz, T.; Downes, M.; Dunne, R.",2005,"Control of black vine weevil larvae Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) in grow bags outdoors with nematodes","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",7,2,"121-126","1 Outdoor trials were carried out during 2001-02 on strawberries grown in commercial growing bags naturally infested with black vine weevil larvae (BVW) Otiorhynchus sulcatus in Co.Wexford, Ireland. 2 The two nematode isolates used in these trials were Heterorhabditis megidis(UK211)and Heterorhabditis downesi (K122), both laboratory cultured. Growing bags received nematodes either once (May 2001), twice (May and October 2001) or three times (May, October 2001 and May 2002). Ten days after each application date, nine blocks (of the total 27) were randomly selected, destructively assessed and discarded. 3 The single application (May 2001) resulted in a mortality of black vine weevil larvae, of 93.4% with H. megidis and 51.3% with H. downesi, compared with the control treatment at that date. Respective figures after the double application (May 2001 and October 2001) were 78.9 and 77.6% and after the triple application (May 2001, October 2001 and May 2002) the figures were 93.7 and 88.1%. 4 Results from these trials clearly indicate that entomopathogenic nematodes are good alternatives to chemical control of the black vine weevil on strawberries grown in growing bags in Ireland.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Lola-Luz, T.; MacNaidhe, F.; Dune, R.; Fitters, P.; Griffin, C.; Downes, M.",2003,"Integrated crop management in strawberries in Ireland: description, progress and future plans","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",26,2,"19-21","The main strawberry production in Ireland occurs in the southeast of the country with Elsanta and Cambridge Favourite as the main cultivars. High levels of chemicals are applied to control pests including aphids, two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), tarsonemid mites and the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus), which is the most serious pest. Failure to control these pests can result in low fruit quality, reduced yields and plant death caused by black vine weevil larvae. Recent withdrawal of chemicals, development of resistance, and environmental concerns, have led to the search for alternative methods of control. Results of an experiment to control black vine weevil using cultural and biological methods are presented.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Long, S. J.; Richardson, P. N.; Fenlon, J. S.",2000,"Influence of temperature on the infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.) to larvae and pupae of the vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)","Nematology","Journal Article",2,null,"309-317","The susceptibilities of early and late instar vine weevil larvae and pupae to three species of entomopathogenic nematodes, indigenous to the UK, were tested in a series of bioassays. Steinernema kraussei (isolates L017 and L137), S. feltiae (the commercial product Nemasys(R)) and Heterorhabditis megidis (the commercial product Nemasys(R) H, reared both in vivo in Galleria mellonella larvae and in vitro), were tested at 6, 10 and 18 degreesC for 2 weeks (early instars of O. sulcatus) or 3 weeks (late instars and pupae of 0. sulcatus). Nematodes were applied to over 3800 larvae or pupae and there were over 400 untreated controls. Each insect was examined subsequently to determine mortality, and parasitised specimens were dissected to establish whether adult nematodes had developed. Differences in pathogenicity between H. megidis reared in vitro and in vivo were demonstrated. S. kraussei (L137) was consistently the most virulent nematode isolate at low temperatures. The results revealed a significant (P < 0.001) effect of temperature on small larvae of 0. sulcatus, but also showed differential levels of mortality, not due to nematodes, for both small larvae and pupae. The use of Abbott's correction for control mortality is challenged and the validity of competing risks theory examined.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x","x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Lozzia, G. C.",1983,"Otiorrhynchus sulcatus in cultivated flowers of the Lake Maggiore region. / Otiorrhynchus sulcatus nelle coltivazioni floricole del Lago Maggiore","Informatore Fitopatologico","Journal Article",33,null,"15-19","Information is given on the biology and control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), which severely damages rhododendrons, azaleas and camellias in the Lago Maggiore district of Italy, the larvae attacking the collar and roots and the adults the leaves. The weevil had 1 generation a year in the study area, but development times varied greatly with temperature and were different in field and greenhouse crops. In the field, eggs were present from mid-April to early June, larvae from late May to early October, pupae from late September to the end of November and adults (which overwintered) from the beginning of November to mid-April. The main larval damage occurred in the summer in the field, and in the winter in the greenhouse. Chemical control with granular and liquid formulations of several insecticides was not very successful, but a preparation of peat containing the nematode Steinernema feltiae (Neoaplectana carpocapsae) gave 80-90% reduction of adult emergence.","x",null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x","x","x","Ornamental","x",null,"x","x",null,null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Lundmark, M.",2010,"Otiorhynchus sulcatus, an autopolyploid general-purpose genotype species?","Hereditas","Journal Article",147,6,"278-282","The weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus is a pest species that has spread rapidly to large parts of the world due to human activities. O. sulcatus is extremely polyphagous and found to attack a large number of agricultural and horticultural plant species despite that all individuals are clonal triploid females. I here compare the genetical variation in specimens from various parts of the distribution using both mtDNA and nuclear DNA. The genetical markers employed indicate O. sulcatus to be an evolutionary young clonal species of non-hybrid origin. The extreme polyphagy and ecological success indicate that these weevils may well be a prime example of general purpose genotypes.",{"$nulls":32},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Mahar, A. N.; Jan, N. D.; Mahar, G. M.; Mahar, A. Q.",2008,"Control of insects with entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila and its toxic secretions",null,"Generic",10,null,"52-56","Direct application of either cell solutions or cell free-filtrates from symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila can control insects on leaves and in soils. Larvae of the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) and nymphs of desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) were killed by both cell treatments and cell-free filtrates, which were equally effective. Therefore, the toxin present in both treatments was responsible for the lethal effects. Cells of X. nematophila recovered from the haemocoele of all treated insects, indicating that cells were able to move from the external environment and enter insects in the absence of the nematode vector. The toxicity of cell suspensions and cell-free filtrates, as assessed by Galleria mellonella mortality, persisted for up to 5 months in soil indicating that soil treatments with either cells or cell-free filtrates controlled O. sulcatus in potted plants.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,"x","x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Mahar, A. N.; Munir, M.; Gowen, S. R.; Hague, N. G. M.; Tabil, M. A.",2004,"Biological control of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by entomopathogenic bacteria and their cell-free toxic metabolites from Xenorhabdus species","Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment","Journal Article",2,null,"209-212","Biocontrol agents such as Xenorhabdus nematophila and X. nematophila ssp. bovienii and their cell-free protein toxin complexes were lethal to larvae of O. sulcatus when applied to potting compost in the absence of plants. Similarly, strawberry plants infected with O. sulcatus larvae were protected from damage by applications of both cell suspensions of the bacteria and solutions of their cell-free toxic metabolites, indicating that it is the protein toxins, which are responsible for the lethal effects observed. These toxic metabolites were found more effective against O. sulcatus larvae when treated in soil microflora. Insect mortality is increased by increasing temperature and bacterial concentration. The toxins remained pathogenic for several months when stored in potting soil either at 15 or 20 degrees C, however, bacterial cells were not as persistent as the toxins. It is therefore suggested that these bacteria and their toxic metabolites can be applied in soil for insect pest control.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,"x","x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Mahar, A. N.; Tabil, M. A.; Gowen, S. R.; Hague, N. G. M.",2004,"Evaluation of entomopathogenic bacteria against the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus)","Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars supplement to Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",null,25,"20-21"]
["x",null,null,"Maier, C. T.",1978,"Dispersal of adults of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera-Curculionidae), in an urban area","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",7,6,"854-857",{"$nulls":21},"x",null,"x","Ornamental",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Maier, C. T.",1981,"Reproductive success of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F), (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) fed different foliar diets and evaluation of techniques for predicting fecundity","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",10,6,"928-932",{"$nulls":18},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Ornamental",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Maier, C. T.",1983,"Use of trap boards for detecting adults of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricus) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington","Journal Article",85,2,"374-376",{"$nulls":21},"x",null,"x","Ornamental",{"$nulls":11},"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Maier, C. T.",1986,"Relative abundance of adults of Callirhopalus bifasciatus (Roelofs) and 3 Otiorhynchus spp (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) on certain cultivated and wild plants in Connecticut","Journal of the New York Entomological Society","Journal Article",94,1,"70-77"]
["x",null,null,"Mankin, R. W.; Brandhorst-Hubbard, J.; Flanders, K. L.; Zhang, M.; Crocker, R. L.; Lapointe, S. L.; McCoy, C. W.; Fisher, J. R.; Weaver, D. K.",2000,"Eavesdropping on insects hidden in soil and interior structures of plants","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",93,4,"1173-1182","Accelerometer, electret microphone, and piezoelectric disk acoustic systems were evaluated for their potential to detect hidden insect infestations in soil and interior structures of plants. Coleopteran grubs (the scarabaeids Phyllophaga spp and Cyclocephala spp.) and the curculionids Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) and Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) weighing 50-300 mg were detected easily in the laboratory and in the field except under extremely windy or noisy conditions. Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) larvae weighing 1-12 mg could be detected in small pots of wheat wheat in the laboratory by taking moderate precautions to eliminate background noise. insect sounds could LC distinguished from background noises by differences in frequency and temporal patterns, but insects of similarly sized species could not Lr distinguished easily from each other. insect activity was highly variable among individuals and species, although D. abbreviatus grubs tended to be more active than those of O. sulcatus. Tests were done to compare acoustically predicted infestations with the contents of soil samples taken at recording sites. Under laboratory or ideal field conditions, active insects within approximate to 30 cm were identified with nearly 100% reliability. In field tests under adverse conditions, the reliability decreased to approximate to 75%. These results indicate that acoustic systems with vibration sensors have considerable potential as activity monitors in the laboratory and as field tools for rapid, nondestructive scouting and mapping of soil insect populations.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,"x","x",null,"Strawberry",{"$nulls":11},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Mankin, R. W.; Fisher, J. R.",2002,"Acoustic detection of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larval infestations in nursery containers","Journal of Environmental Horticulture","Journal Article",20,3,"166-170","Acoustic detection systems have been developed to locate and target hidden infestations of root weevil larvae in container-grown nursery crops. Tests were conducted in laboratory and field environments with natural and artificial infestations of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) in containers with different nursery plants to determine whether the larvae were large enough for acoustic detection during late fall when scouting for infestation often occurs at commercial nurseries in Oregon. The rootballs of tested plants were examined to verify the presence or absence of larvae. All of the containers rated at high likelihood of infestation contained O. sulcatus larvae (29% of those tested). No larvae were found in any containers rated at low likelihood of infestation (20%). Sporadic sounds were detected but failed to exhibit periodicity suggestive of infestation in 51% of the containers (rated at medium likelihood). Fifty seven percent of these medium-rated containers were infested. Experience with the use of the acoustic system in field environments suggested improvements in user-friendliness and robustness that could improve its utility for early detection and targeting applications in commercial nurseries.",{"$nulls":20},"x","x",null,"Ornamental",{"$nulls":11},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Marchal, M.",1977,"Fungi imperfecti isolated from a natural population of Otiorrhynchus sulcatus Fabr. (Col. Curculionidae). / Fungi imperfecti isoles d'une population naturelle d'Otiorrhynchus sulcatus Fabr. (Col. Curculionidae)","Revue de Zoologie Agricole et de Pathologie Vegetale","Journal Article",76,4,"101-108","Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) is a serious pest of strawberries at Plougastel-Daoulas in western France, and investigations were begun into its natural enemies and the possibility of using them for biological control. Sample populations from different heavily infested localities were reared in the laboratory, and dead larvae were examined and cultured for possible parasites and diseases, especially fungi. During these investigations, 3 species of the nematode order Rhabditida, 1 species of bacterium (Bacillus cereus) and 5 species of fungi imperfecti (Metarhizium flavoviride, M. anisopliae, Paecilomyces fumoso-roseus, Beauveria bassiana and B. brongniartii, of which Metarhizium spp., P. fumoso-roseus and B. brongniartii had not previously been recorded from O. sulcatus) were isolated and identified. M. anisopliae caused the highest rate of mortality (28%) by natural infection, the other species being effective only in combination. Artificial infection tests with an aqueous suspension of the conidiospores of M. flavoviride, applied to the integument of O. sulcatus, confirmed the pathogenicity of this fungus to the larvae; up to 56% mortality was obtained, according to the dosage used, 3-7 weeks after treatment.&lt;new para&gt;ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT:&lt;new para&gt;Otiorhynchus sulcatus is a serious pest of strawberries at Plougastel-Daoulas in western France, and investigations were begun into its natural enemies and the possibility of using them for biological control. Dead larvae were examined and cultured for possible parasites and diseases, especially fungi. During these investigations, 3 species of the nematode order Rhabditida were isolated and identified.",null,"x","x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,"x",null,null,"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Masaki, M.",1998,"Notes on the development of eggs of some otiorhynchid weevils","Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan","Journal Article",null,34,"47-49","The duration of the egg period, developmental threshold temperatures and thermal constants for eggs of the exotic weevils Graphognathus leucoloma, Otiorhynchus sulcatus and Pantomorus cervinus, and the native weevils Scepticus griseus, S. tigrinus, S. uniformis, Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus [Callirhopalus bifasciatus] and Sympiezomias cribricollis, were determined. Developmental threshold temperatures for eggs of G. leucoloma, O. sulcatus and Pantomorus cervinus were 11.67, 6.32 and 9.89°C, respectively. Thermal constants for eggs of G. leucoloma, O. sulcatus and P. cervinus were 208.66, 186.43 and 274.65 day-degrees, respectively. Developmental threshold temperatures for eggs of Scepticus griseus, S. tigrinus, S. uniformis, C. bifasciatus and Sympiezomias cribricollis were 10.98, 12.59, 12.70, 10.26 and 13.81°C, respectively. Thermal constants for eggs of Scepticus griseus, S. tigrinus, S. uniformis, C. bifasciatus and Sympiezomias cribricollis were 166.98, 137.78, 122.73, 174.29 and 85.28 day-degrees, respectively.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Masaki, M.",1999,"Effect of starvation on longevity of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service Japan","Journal Article",null,35,"21-25","Effect of starvation on longevity of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus was investigated on larval and adult stage on 12, 18 and 24 degreeC. On larval stage, hatching larvae survived 21 days, third to fourth instar larvae survived 63 days as longest longevity without food on 12degreeC, and, most of last instar larvae survived 2 months or more without food. On adults stage, 50% of adults survived 2 weeks or more without food and water at 20degreeC and 50 % of adults survived 13 weeks or more without food and water at 5degreeC. The longevity of larvae and adults in starvation were the longer on low temperature.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":9},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Masaki, M.",2000,"The underground movement of the black vine weevil larvae, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera; Curculionidae)","Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service Japan","Journal Article",36,null,"27-32",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Masaki, M.; Kitagawa, K.; Matsutani, S.",1997,"Test of insecticides on the black vine weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service Japan","Journal Article",0,33,"95-100","Effect of 17 insecticides on the adult black vine weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus and of 18 insecticides on the larval black vine weevils were tested. In these insecticides, DMTP, prothiophos, MPP, malathion and carbosulfan were more effective on the adults, and D-D, malathion, isoxathion, DMTP and carbosulfan were more effective on the larvae.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":12},"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Masaki, M.; Ohmura, K.; Ichinohe, F.",1984,"Host range studies of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricus) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Applied Entomology and Zoology","Journal Article",19,1,"95-106",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,null,"x","x","Cultivated & Wild",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Masaki, M.; Ohto, K.",1995,"Effects of temperature on development of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service Japan","Journal Article",31,null,"37-45",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Masaki, M.; Sugimoto, S.",1991,"Rearing methods of larvae of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius), and some other otiorhynchid weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service Japan","Journal Article",27,null,"7-11",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Masaki, M.; Takahashi, G.",1997,"Test of granular insecticides on the larvae black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service Japan","Journal Article",0,33,"101-102","Effect of 5 granular insecticides were tested on the larvae black vine weevil in potting strawberry. Percent mortality of larval for carbosulfan, benfuracarb, acephate, disulfoton, MPP 14 days after application were 87.5, 80.0, 32.5, 22.5, 2.5, respectively. And percent mortality of larval for carbosulfan, benfuracarb, acephate, disulfoton, MPP 21 days after application were 100, 89.7, 30.8, 51.3, 87.2, respectively.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Masaki, M.; Tsuchiya, T.; Nakahara, S.",1999,"Effect of 3 % carbosulfan granule to the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera; Curculionidae)","Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service Japan","Journal Article",null,35,"61-64","Effect of 3 % carbosulfan granule to Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae and adults was investigated. The mortality on midle instar larvae was 79.5 % or more at 1 g and 2 g per pot application, and, the mortality on adults was 86.2 % or more at 7.5 kg per 10a application. On the mortality of different larval instar, young larvae were high sensitive, however, midle and last instar larvae were low sensitive.","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Mason, E. C.",1960,"Observations on the life history and control of the vine weevil on cyclamen and foliage plants","Plant Pathology","Journal Article",9,null,"29-33",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,"x","x","Ornamental","x",null,"x",null,"x",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Masters, G. J.",1995,"The impact of root herbivory on aphid performance: field and laboratory evidence","Acta Oecologica","Journal Article",16,2,"135-142","The effect of insect root herbivory on aphid performance was tested under field conditions in England and through a controlled environment experiment. In both field and controlled environment, root feeding by insects (by Phyllopertha horticola in the laboratory and naturally occurring root herbivores enhanced by Otiorhynchus sulcatus and Tipula oleracea in the field) increased the performance of foliar-feeding aphids (Myzus persicae, Hyperomyzus lactucae and Uroleucon sonchi in the field and M. persicae in the laboratory) on Sonchus oleraceus. Plants subjected to below-ground insect herbivory in the field supported greater numbers of aphids whilst root feeding in the laboratory increased aphid teneral (adult) weight and MRGR, thus increasing fecundity.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"May, P. D.; Ellis, G. A. V.",1996,"The development of controlled-release technology to give long-term control of vine weevil larvae in ornamentals","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"118-122",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":12},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"McKenzie, S. W.; Vanbergen, A. J.; Hails, R. S.; Jones, T. H.; Johnson, S. N.",2013,"Reciprocal feeding facilitation between above- and below-ground herbivores","Biology letters","Journal Article",9,5,"20130341","Interspecific interactions between insect herbivores predominantly involve asymmetric competition. By contrast, facilitation, whereby herbivory by one insect benefits another via induced plant susceptibility, is uncommon. Positive reciprocal interactions between insect herbivores are even rarer. Here, we reveal a novel case of reciprocal feeding facilitation between above-ground aphids (Amphorophora idaei) and root-feeding vine weevil larvae (Otiorhynchus sulcatus), attacking red raspberry (Rubus idaeus). Using two raspberry cultivars with varying resistance to these herbivores, we further demonstrate that feeding facilitation occurred regardless of host plant resistance. This positive reciprocal interaction operates via an, as yet, unreported mechanism. Specifically, the aphid induces compensatory growth, possibly as a prelude to greater resistance/tolerance, whereas the root herbivore causes the plant to abandon this strategy. Both herbivores may ultimately benefit from this facilitative interaction.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Raspberry"]
["x",null,null,"McMenemy, L. S.; Mitchell, C.; Johnson, S. N.",2009,"Biology of the European large raspberry aphid (Amphorophora idaei): its role in virus transmission and resistance breakdown in red raspberry","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",11,1,"61-71","1 The European large raspberry aphid Amphorophora idaei Borner is the most important vector of viral diseases afflicting commercially grown red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) in Northern Europe, with European raspberry production amounting to 416 000 tonnes per annum. This review synthesizes existing knowledge on its biology and interactions with other organisms, including its host plant and the viral pathogens it vectors. 2 Information about trophic interactions with other insect herbivores and natural enemies is reviewed. Vine weevils Otiorhynchus sulcatus compromise aphid resistance in some raspberry cultivars, increasing A. idaei abundance by 80%. Parasitoids show mixed success in parasitizing A. idaei, although Aphidius ervi attack rates more than doubled when A. idaei fed on a partially susceptible raspberry cultivar, compared with a resistant variety. These findings are discussed in the context of potential biological control as part of an integrated pest and disease management framework. 3 Amphorophora idaei transmits four known viruses: Black raspberry necrosis virus, Raspberry leaf mottle virus, Raspberry leaf spot virus and Rubus yellow net virus, with A. idaei taking as little as 2 min to transmit some viruses. 4 Existing control strategies, including resistant cultivars, insecticides and eradication of disease from parent plants, are described. In particular, strong selection pressures have resulted in A. idaei overcoming genetic resistance in many raspberry cultivars and most insecticides are now ineffective. 5 Future directions for the sustained control of A.idaei are suggested, taking into consideration the possible effects of climate change and also changes in agronomic practices in U.K. agriculture.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Raspberry"]
["x",null,null,"McNicol, R. J.; Graham, J.; Kerby, N. W.",1997,"Recent advances in strawberry breeding and product development at SCRI","Third International Strawberry Symposium, Vols. 1 and 2","Book Section",null,null,"129-132","The Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI) conducts strawberry research in a range of scientific disciplines including breeding. Cultivars released include Melody, Rhapsody, and our latest release, Symphony. Molecular techniques have been developed to assist in the formulation of the hybridisation programmes through accurate determination of the genetic diversity and relatedness of germplasm. Strawberry transformation systems have also been developed with improved non-genotype specific regeneration techniques. A range of transformations has been carried out including the insertion of genes for pest and disease resistance and modification of fruit quality. Pest resistance using the CpTi gene is the most advanced with glasshouse bioassays giving strong indications of resistance to strawberry vine weevil. The trialling of numerous lines has now proceeded to field assessment. An improved technique for freezing strawberries has been developed which allows the thawed product to maintain structure. The technique involves diffusion of a natural plant product into the berries prior to freezing.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Merkl, O.; Tusnádi, C. K.",1985,"Damage of a rare weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr. in Hungary (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). / Ritka ormányosbogár: az Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr. kártétele Magyarországon (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Folia Entomologica Hungarica","Journal Article",46,1,"269-270"]
["x",null,null,"Michaud, D.; Cantin, L.; Vrain, T. C.",1995,"Carboxy terminal truncation of oryzacysatin-II by oryzacytatin insensitive insect digestive proteinases","Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics","Journal Article",322,2,"469-474","The biochemical interactions between digestive proteinases of the Coleoptera pest black vine weevil (Otiorynchus sulcatus) and two plant cysteine proteinase inhibitors, oryzacystatin I (OCI) and oryzacystatin II (OCII), were assessed using gelatin-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, OCI-affinity chromatography, and recombinant forms of the two plant inhibitors, The insect proteinases were resolved in gelatin-containing polyacrylamide gels as five major bands, only three of them being totally or partially inactivated by OCI and OCII, The maximal inhibitory effect of both OCs at pH 5.0 was estimated at 40% and the inhibition was stable with time despite the presence of OC-insensitive proteases, indicating the stability of the OCI and OCII effects. After removing OC-sensitive proteinases from the insect crude extract by OCI-affinity chromatography, the effects of the insect cystatin-insensitive proteases on the structural integrity of the free OCs were analyzed, While OCI remained stable, OCII was subjected to limited proteolysis leading to its gradual transformation into a similar to 10.5-kDa unstable intermediate, OCIIi, As shown by the degradation pattern of a glutathione S-transferase (GST)/OCII fusion protein, the appearence of OCII resulted from the C-terminal truncation of OCII. Either free or linked to GST, OCIIi was as active against papain and human cathepsin H as OCII, and the initial specificities of the inhibitor for these two cysteine proteinases were conserved after cleavage. Although these observations indicate the high conformational stability of OCII near its active (inhibitory) site, they also suggest a general conformational destabilization of this inhibitor following its initial cleavage, subsequently leading to its complete hydrolysis, This apparent susceptibility of OCII to proteolytic cleavage by the insect proteinases could have major implications when planning the use of this plant cystatin for insect pest control. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Michaud, D.; NguyenQuoc, B.; Vrain, T. C.; Fong, D.; Yelle, S.",1996,"Response of digestive cysteine proteinases from the colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and the black vine weevil (Otiorynchus sulcatus) to a recombinant form of human stefin A","Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology","Journal Article",31,4,"451-464","The effects of the cystatins, human stefin A (HSA) and oryzacystatin I (OCI) on digestive cysteine proteinases of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata, and the black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorynchus sulcatus, were assessed using complementary inhibition assays, cystatin-affinity chromatography, and recombinant forms of the two inhibitors. For both insects, either HSA and OCI used in excess (10 or 20 mu M) caused partial and stable inhibition of total proteolytic (azocaseinase) activity, but unlike for OCI the HSA-mediated inhibitions were significantly increased when the inhibitor was used in large excess (100 mu M). As demonstrated by complementary inhibition assays, this two-step inhibition of the insect proteases by HSA was due to the differential inactivation of two distinct cysteine proteinase populations in either insect extracts, the rapidly (strongly) inhibited population corresponding to the OCI-sensitive fraction. After removing the cystatin-sensitive proteinases from CPB and BVW midgut extracts using OCI- (or HSA-) affinity chromatography, the effects of the insect ''non-target'' proteases on the structural integrity of the two cystatins were assessed. While OCI remained essentially stable, HSA was subjected to hydrolysis without the accumulation of detectable stable intermediates, suggesting the presence of multiple exposed cleavage sires sensitive to the action of the insect proteases on this cystatin. This apparent susceptibility of HSA to proteolytic cleavage may partially explain its low efficiency to inactivate insect OCI-insensitive cysteine proteinases when not used in large excess. It could also have major implications when planning the use of cystatin-expressing transgenic plants for the control oi coleopteran pests. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Michaud, D.; Vrain, T. C.; Daubeny, H. A.",1995,"Potential of plant cystatins for the production of transgenic strawberry plants resistant to the black vine weevil","Hortscience","Journal Article",30,4,"828-828",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Miduturi, J. S.; Clercq, R. de; Grisse, A. de",1994,"Greenhouse and field control of black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. [on Cyclamen], with Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis sp","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",17,3,"148-154",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Miduturi, J. S.; de Clercq, R.; Casteels, H.; de Grisse, A.",1995,"Effect of temperature on the infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes against black vine weevil (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus F.)","Parasitica (Gembloux)","Journal Article",50,null,"103-108",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Miller, B.; Bruck, D. J.; Walton, V.",2012,"Relationship of black vine weevil egg density and damage to two cranberry cultivars","Hortscience","Journal Article",47,6,"755-761","Black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Fabricius), is a serious pest of cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Larvae feed undetected within the soil and cause damage to roots and underground vines. We correlated damage caused by feeding larvae from known BVW egg densities. Two cultivars of potted cranberry vines, 'Stevens' and 'McFarlin', were inoculated with 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 eggs per pot. Root damage and canopy health were assessed. 'Stevens' exceeded 'McFarlin' in dry shoot weight, total shoot length, total leaf area, and dry root weight before egg treatments. Damage to underground vines increased with increasing egg density and more damage was found in 'Stevens' than 'McFarlin' at the highest egg densities. In August, plant water use and total shoot length in 'McFarlin' were significantly greater in plants treated with 0-5 eggs per pot compared with plants treated with 40-80 eggs per pot. The effect on total shoot length was more pronounced in October. 'Stevens' showed no response to increasing BVW density for up to 24 weeks. Destructive measurements showed decreased root weight in 'McFarlin' but not 'Stevens'. Both cultivars showed a similar decrease in dry shoot weight, total shoot length, and percent green leaf area with increasing BVW egg density. Root damage increased as BVW egg density increased and this damage resulted in reduced plant water use for 'McFarlin'. Reduced shoot growth and leaf area was recorded for both cultivars, although these effects were more apparent in 'McFarlin' and at an earlier stage than in 'Stevens'.",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Cranberry",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Miller, L. A.",1979,"Weevil pests of horticultural crops","Journal of Agriculture, Tasmania","Journal Article",50,2,"52-53","Notes are provided on the biology, injuriousness and control of curculionids on horticultural crops in the field and under glass in Tasmania, with special reference to Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) and O. rugosostriatus Goeze on strawberry, and Listroderes costirostris Schonh., Phlyctinus callosus (Boh.), Pantomorus cervinus (Boh.) and Desiantha maculata Blkb. on various crops, including ornamentals. Hygienic measures are recommended for the control of weevils in the field and glasshouse, and it is suggested that potted plants in the glasshouse can be protected against larval damage for about 6 months by adding 2.5 g DDT to each kg of potting soil.","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x","x",null,null,"Strawberry & Ornamental"]
["x",null,null,"Mitchell, C.; Brennan, R. M.; Cross, J. V.; Johnson, S. N.",2011,"Arthropod pests of currant and gooseberry crops in the UK: their biology, management and future prospects","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",13,3,"221-237","1 Approximately 10-12 species of Ribes plants are cultivated for fruit production, mainly blackcurrants, red-and whitecurrants and gooseberries. These crops are increasingly recognized as rich sources of vitamin C and anthocyanins, with production rising by 24% in Europe subsequent to 1998. To date, research into insect pests of Ribes has been fragmented, with little appreciation of how changes in climate and agronomic practices affect biology. 2 We review 12 key pests of currant and gooseberry crops in Northern Europe, with specific emphasis on their biology and current management options. These are blackcurrant leaf curling midge Dasineura tetensi, blackcurrant sawfly Nematus olfaciens, common gooseberry sawfly Nematus ribesii, European permanent currant aphid Aphis schneideri, redcurrant blister aphid Cryptomyzus ribis, currant-sowthistle aphid Hyperomyzus lactucae, European gooseberry aphid Aphis grossulariae, woolly vine scale Pulvinaria vitis, common green capsid Lygocoris pabulinus, winter moth Operophtera brumata, clear wing moth Synanthedon tipuliformis and blackcurrant gall mite Cecidophyopsis ribis. 3 It is anticipated that global climate change could lead to increases in the incidence of some aphids through increased overwintering survival and longer seasonal activity. Moreover, changes in management practices such as increased cropping densities (from 5400 ha(-1) to 8700 ha(-1)) and machine harvesting could lead to pest outbreaks through optimal microhabitats and increased susceptibility to pest colonization. 4 Future management options are considered, focusing on integrated pest management approaches, including behaviour-manipulating semiochemicals, predictive models, biocontrol and improved plant resistance through breeding.",{"$nulls":23},"Currants & Gooseberry"]
[null,"x","VW mentioned once and we have the original reference","Moens, M.; Ehlers, R. U.",2010,"The latest developments in applied entomopathogenic nematology in Europe","Journal of Nematology","Journal Article",42,3,"259-259","As a result of the reduction of the number of authorized soil insecticides within the European Union and because of increased insect resistance to insecticides, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are increasingly important. During the last few years, EPN have taken the fastest growing market share of the microbial segment of bio-control agents. The species commercialized in Europe are Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. megidis, Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae and S. kraussei. Use of these bio-control agents varies considerably across the EU. In general, traditional markets include control of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) in ornamentals and strawberries, control of grubs (Scarabaeidae) in turf, and control of sciarids (Bradysia and Lycoriella spp.) in both ornamentals and mushrooms. New markets include control of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and white flies in glasshouse grown vegetables, using EPN in combination with other biological antagonists or biological active products like chitosan. Other uses for EPN products include control of the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) and Mediterranean root borer (Capnodis tenebrionis), hazelnut borer (Balaninus nucum), codling moth (Cydia pomonella), and western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera) in maize. Additional markets can only be developed with increasing production capacity and competitive product costs."]
["x",null,"Monitors eggs to","Montgomery, M. E.; Musick, G. J.; Polivka, J. B.; Nielsen, D. G.",1979,"Modifiable washing-flotation method for separation of insect eggs and larvae from soil","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",72,1,"67-69","An apparatus developed in the USA for recovering insect eggs and larvae from soil is described. The apparatus is simple in design and consists of a wash tank into which the soil sample is placed. Water enters the tank at the botton and overflows through a graduated series of screen sieves. Washing time ranges from 4 to 7 min for soil samples of &lt;1 litre up to 12 min for 5-litre samples. The screened material is floated in water and magnesium sulfate solution to reduce extraneous vegetable and mineral matter. Complete processing of large and difficult samples can be accomplished within 20 min. The method was used for estimating egg and larval populations of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) and Diabrotica longicornis (Say).",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":13},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Montgomery, M. E.; Nielsen, D. G.",1979,"Embryonic development of Otiorhynchus sulcatus effect of temperature and humidity","Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","Journal Article",26,1,"24-32",{"$nulls":18},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x"]
["x","x","A review","Moorhouse, E. R.; Charnley, A. K.; Gillespie, A. T.",1992,"A review of the biology and control of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",121,2,"431-454","At the turn of the century, damage by Otiorhynchus sulcatus was sporadic and limited to small areas. Increasing horticultural intensification and the adoption of husbandry techniques favourable to the weevil, such as the use of polythene mulches, increased its pest status. The development of the early inorganic pesticides reduced the number of serious outbreaks of this pest and weevil control was further improved by the development of the persistent organochlorine insecticides in the 1940's. The banning of a number of the more persistent insecticides over recent years has now left the horticultural industry in a very vulnerable position. O. sulcatus is now a pest on a range of horticultural crops throughout the temperate regions of the world. Infestations are most common in Europe (where it originated) and the USA, and nearly 150 plants species have been identified as potential hosts to O. sulcatus. Damage is most frequently caused by the root feeding larval stage. Populations as low as one larva plant-1 can kill sensitive species such as Cyclamen. Severe damage by the leaf feeding adults is less common, although low levels of damage or contamination by adults may be unacceptable in certain situations. There is one generation a year. Oviposition by the flightless parthenogenetic females occurs over the summer months with oviposition rates of c. 500 and 1200 eggs adult-1 for outdoor and laboratory populations, respectively. O. sulcatus mainly overwinters as larvae, although significant numbers of adults may survive in areas where winter temperatures are not too severe. A number of natural enemies, such as hedgehogs, frogs and predatory beetles, help to maintain O. sulcatus populations at a low level in natural environments, but they are less successful in intensive horticultural systems where persistent chemicals have been heavily relied on to maintain the population below the economic threshold level. Increasing environmental concern is now forcing growers to consider new pest control strategies. Controlled release formulations of non-persistent products, such as fonofos and chlorpyrifos, have shown potential as control agents for O. sulcatus larvae. Biological control agents, such as insect parasitic nematodes, have been developed commercially and new microbial control agents are in the process of development. Most of the new control products are directed towards control of O. sulcatus larvae. Adult vine weevils are nocturnal and a much more difficult target for the new control agents. It is likely that an integrated approach to pest control will be required to maintain O. sulcatus populations below their economic threshold level."]
["x",null,null,"Moorhouse, E. R.; Easterbrook, M. A.; Gillespie, A. T.; Charnley, A. K.",1993,"Control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) larvae on a range of hardy ornamental nursery stock species using the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae","Biocontrol Science and Technology","Journal Article",3,1,"63-72","The potential of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae as a microbial control agent for vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) larvae was examined on a range of outdoor hardy nursery stock species. A curative application of M. anisopliae conidia (5 x 10(8) conidia l-1 compost) reduced larval numbers by 62% on Skimmia japonica 'Rubella' and by up to 43% on Viburnum plicatum 'Mariesii'. Four M. anisopliae isolates were examined and all reduced the larval populations on both species. However, the reductions were only significant with strains 159-83 and 100-82 on S. japonica 'Rubella' and 100-82 on V. plicatum 'Mariesii'. Larval development on two other species (Hydrangea macrophylla 'Blue Wave' and Thuja plicata 'Zebrina') which had been treated with 0.05% Triton X-100 (the control treatment) was very poor and therefore it was not possible to determine whether or not the fungal drench had any effect. The experiment was repeated in the following year at two different sites, East Malling and Littlehampton, using a prophylactic drench of two M. anisopliae isolates on a greater number of plant species. Strain 275-86 was more effective than 159-83 on all species at East Malling, with the exception of V. davidii. The difference was less pronounced at Littlehampton and the results from the two isolates were similar. Larval control was highly variable and species dependent with a reduction in larval numbers ranging from zero to 96% and zero to 90% at East Malling and Littlehampton respectively. The larval populations in pots treated with Triton X-100 were also highly variable, ranging from zero (Chaemaecyparis lawsoniana 'Stardust', Dianthus 'Maria', Escallonia 'Crimson Spire' and Pittosporum tenuifolium 'Garnettii') to 17.8 larvae per pot (Ribes nigrum 'Baldwin'). The results indicate the potential of M. anisopliae and demonstrate the complexity of plant-weevil-fungus interactions.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Moorhouse, E. R.; Fenlon, J. S.; Gillespie, A. T.; Charnley, A. K.",1992,"Observations on the development, ovispotion and fecundity of vine weevil adults Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabricius Coleoptera Curculionidae","Entomologist's Gazette","Journal Article",43,3,"207-218",{"$nulls":18},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Moorhouse, E. R.; Gillespie, A. T.; Charnley, A. K.",1992,"Effect of potting media on the control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae on outdoor strawberry plants using the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae","Biological Control","Journal Article",2,3,"238-243","The potential of entomogenous fungi to control black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius)) larvae has been demonstrated on a range of protected crops species, but very little attention has been paid to weevil control on outdoor crops, such as strawberry. Curative applications of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin conidia to strawberry plants potted in field soil (5 X 10(8) conidia/pot) reduced the population of O. sulcatus larvae by up to 94%, whereas similar treatments reduced larval numbers in peat compost by a maximum of 53%. Significant differences in relative performance were observed among the four M. anisopliae strains (37-80, 101-82, 189-83, and 275-86) in the two media. Strain 189-83 was the most virulent isolate in both media, whereas strain 101-82 reduced the O. sulcatus population in field soil by only 15% and had no effect in peat compost. Larval establishment in the pots treated with 0.05% Triton X-100 (control treatment) was greater in peat compost than in field soil with nearly twice as many larvae in the former medium. The larval population was evenly distributed in most of the pots with the exception of the pots containing peat compost treated with strain 189-83 which showed significant heterogeneity. Spore density declined with increasing depth in pots containing peat compost. The situation was reversed in the pots of field soil and the highest spore concentrations were found at the base of the pots. More conidia were recovered from the pots containing peat compost than from the pots of field soil. There were also significant differences between strains in the number of colony forming units per sample. In both media, mean counts for strains 37-80 and 275-86 were significantly greater than those for strain 101-82; strain 189-83, however, had a low count in peat relative to 37-80 and 275-86, but had a higher count in field Soil. (C) 1992 Academic Press, Inc.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Moorhouse, E. R.; Gillespie, A. T.; Charnley, A. K.",1993,"The development of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) larvae on a range of ornamental pot-plant species and the potential for control using Metarhzium anisopliae","Journal of Horticultural Science","Journal Article",68,4,"627-635","Aspects of the biology and control of vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) on glasshouse pot plant species were investigated. In a natural situation, O. sulcatus preferred Primula and Cyclamen to Begonia, Impatiens and Campanula. The mean population size ranged from 0.4 larvae per pot for Campanula to 36.6 larvae per pot for Primula. The larval populations on all species were variable and differences were observed in species sensitivity to larval damage. All the Cyclamen plants showed significant signs of damage, whereas only 20% of the Primula plants were similarly affected, even though the mean larval population was 42% higher. Larval populations failed to develop on Campanula, Euphorbia, Hypoestes and Solanum following artificial egg infestation, while nearly 70% of the eggs applied to Cyclamen were recovered as larvae. Larval development on Impatiens and Cyclamen was compared, but no significant differences in larval number or weight were recorded. Significant differences in larval numbers and weight were observed on six Impatiens cultivars with survival from eggs and mean larval weight ranging from 84% to 58% and 38.4 to 27.4 mg respectively. Larval control using a prophylactic conidial drench of the entomogenous fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, was very effective when conidia were applied at the higher rate of 1 x 10(9) conidia l-1 compost. Total control was recorded on five of the species examined and control on the other species exceeded 85%. The results achieved using the higher rate of M. anisopliae were consistently better than those achieved using the lower rate (5 x 10(8) conidia l-1 compost), but the difference in most cases was not significant. The results of these experiments demonstrate the potential of M. anisopliae as a microbial control agent for O. sulcatus on glasshouse ornamentals.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Moorhouse, E. R.; Gillespie, A. T.; Charnley, A. K.",1993,"Laboratory selection of Metarhzium spp isolates for control of vine weevil larvae (Otiorhynchus sulcatus)","Journal of Invertebrate Pathology","Journal Article",62,1,"15-21",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Moorhouse, E. R.; Gillespie, A. T.; Charnley, A. K.",1993,"Application of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) sor. conidia to control Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) larvae on glasshouse pot plants","Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",122,3,"623-636","The efficacy of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae was assessed against vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) larvae in the glasshouse. Prophylactic application of M. anisopliae conidia to begonia resulted in total larval control, but curative applications were less effective with only 65% control when conidial application was delayed until 8 weeks after egg infestation. Prophylactic applications also provided effective larval control on begonia plants which received multiple egg applications over a six week period. Larval mortality was monitored on cyclamen plants which had received a prophylactic drench of M. anisopliae conidia. The population was reduced by 78% within 5 weeks of egg application and control rose to 90% after 17 weeks, although the increase was not significant. Prophylactic conidial drenches were compared with a similar number of compost incorporated conidia on cyclamen, but there was no significant difference between the two spore application strategies. Application of M. anisopliae conidia to impatiens modules before potting-on resulted in over 89% larval control compared to over 97% control when a similar number of conidia were applied to the plants after potting. Larval control was further reduced to 79% when the module drenches were reduced to one quarter of the highest dose (5 x 10(7) compared to 2 x 10(8) conidia per module). The persistence of three M. anisopliae strains was examined over a 20 week period on impatiens. There was no overall decline in efficacy over this period, although there was variability in the performance of the different strains and it was suggested that this was linked to temperature. The results of these experiments suggest that M. anisopliae has considerable potential as a microbial control agent for O. sulcatus on glasshouse ornamentals.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Moorhouse, E. R.; Gillespie, A. T.; Charnley, A. K.",1993,"Selection of virulent and persistent Metarhizum anisopliae isolates to control black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) larvae on glasshouse begonia","Journal of Invertebrate Pathology","Journal Article",62,1,"47-52",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Moorhouse, E. R.; Gillespie, A. T.; Charnley, A. K.",1994,"The influence of temperature on the susceptibility of vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), larvae to Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina, Hyphomycetes)","Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",124,2,"185-193","Mortality of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) larvae at 10-degrees-C, 15-degrees-C, 20-degrees-C and 25-degrees-C following treatment with 10(7) conidia ml-1 suspensions of six Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin isolates was temperature dependent. In all cases, the LT50s were inversely related to temperature, but the nature of this response varied between isolates. Strain 101-82 was the most virulent isolate at 25-degrees-C with an LT50 of 3.7 days, but it was the least virulent isolate at 15-degrees-C and it failed to kill any O. sulcatus larvae at 10-degrees-C. In contrast, strain 159-83 had the lowest virulence at both 20-degrees-C and 25-degrees-C, whereas it was the most virulent isolate at 10-degrees-C with an LT50 of 20.0 days. The mortality rates followed a similar pattern and were positively related to temperature in all cases with the exception of strain 159-83 at 25-degrees-C. Mycosis development was examined on larvae treated with strain 275-86 and significant differences were obtained between all four temperatures. Sporulation commenced after approximately 2.75 days at 25-degrees-C, but took nearly 11 days at 10-degrees-C. The infection rates also varied between temperatures; sporulation occurred on 98% of the treated larvae at 25-degrees-C, but only on 93%, 87% and 49% of the larvae at 20-degrees-C, 15-degrees-C and 10-degrees-C, respectively. The results of these bioassays demonstrate that temperature has a significant effect on the virulence of M. anisopliae. The differences between fungal strains also emphasises the importance of selecting isolates for specific situations on the basis of their temperature profiles.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"A repeat of some of the other above work","Moorhouse, E. R.; Gillespie, A. T.; Charnley, A. K.",1990,"The progress and prospects for the control of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus by entomogenous fungi","Invertebrate pathology and microbial control: 5th International Colloquium: Papers and abstracts",null,null,null,"381-385",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry & ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Moorhouse, E. R.; Gillespie, A. T.; Sellers, E. K.; Charnley, A. K.",1992,"Influence of fungicides and insecticides on the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, a pathogen of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus","Biocontrol Science and Technology","Journal Article",2,1,"49-58","In the laboratory, the fungicides chlorothalonil and zineb prevented germination of conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae when incorporated into Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) at the commercial concn (based on the manufacturers' recommended rates for horticultural crops). Twelve other fungicides and 6 insecticides had no effect on spore germination when applied at the same rate. The mycelial growth of M. anisopliae on SDA plates containing the recommended rate of all the pesticides (except propamocarb) was reduced compared with SDA alone. Two fungicides, benomyl and carbendazim, totally inhibited mycelial growth at 0.1 times the recommended rate. Growth was also completely prevented by the fungicides etridiazole, triforine and zineb, and the insecticides dichlorvos and Hostathion [triazophos], at 10 times the recommended rate. In a glasshouse experiment, a prophylactic drench of M. anisopliae conidia reduced populations of Otiorhynchus sulcatus on Impatiens plants by 88%. This level of control was not significantly reduced by subsequent application (7 days after egg infestation) of any of the pesticides at the recommended concn. Control of larvae in pots treated with M. anisopliae plus any one of the 12 fungicides and 4 insecticides examined, ranged from 82 to 98%. The insecticide diazinon applied alone reduced larval numbers by 100%. Two other insecticides, dichlorvos and cypermethrin, and the fungicide pyrazophos, also reduced weevil populations by over 50%. These experiments demonstrate the limitations of laboratory based in vitro screening programmes for assessing the chemical compatibility of M. anisopliae.","x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,"x","x","x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Morgan, D.",1996,"Modelling vine weevil population dynamics","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"51-55",{"$nulls":28},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x"]
["x",null,"targeted pupae to","Morton, A.; Del Pino, F. Garcia",2005,"taxus control of black vine weevil larvae Wooster Ohio 1990","Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas","Journal Article",31,2,"243-251","The black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, is an important pest of ornamental and horticultural plants, attacking leaves and roots. The damage is reflected in reduced growth and production, and lower plant quality. In this study we evaluated the susceptibility of O. sulcatus larvae and pupae to entomopathogenic nematodes under laboratory conditions in Petri dishes and pots. The efficacy of endemic strains was compared to commercial strains of heterorhabditids and steinernematids. In Petri dish assays, insect larvae exposed to Steinernema feltiae strain PA and S. arenarium strain S2 gave moderate levels of mortality (23 % and 20 % respectively). The nematode species S. arenarium strains S2 and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were equally effective, showing high mortality (100 %) to pupae. These strains were used in pot assays of ivy plants. The efficacy of both treatments resulted in the high control of adults (>87%), and in the moderate control of O. sulcatus pupae (>33%).",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Mosson, H. J.; Watkins, R. W.; Edwards, J. P.",1996,"The cinnamic acid derivative cinnamamide as a repellent against the vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"95-100",{"$nulls":5},"x",{"$nulls":12},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Strawberry",null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Mracek, Z.; Jiskra, K.; Kahounova, L.",1993,"Efficiency of steinernematid nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernenatidae) in controlling larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in laboratory and field experiments","European Journal of Entomology","Journal Article",90,1,"71-76","Laboratory and field experiments were performed to test the ability of steinernematid nematodes to control larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, which infests rhododendrons and azaleas in Czech Republic. Of five strains tested in the laboratory the best results were achieved with the Steinernema feltiae strain Hyl isolated in Czech Republic, which provided a 100% elimination of the weevil larvae on azaleas in laboratory tests. Field tests were made in a nursery of ornamentals at Plzen-Krimice where an outbreak of the pest had lasted a long time. Preventative treatment, three releases of the nematode, was performed in three beds in successive seasons 1989-90, resulting in a 72% to 88% protection of plants in the beds, including a 52% to 77% protection in adjacent plots due to migration of nematodes from the treated areas. Only 30% of plants survived on more distant control plots. This system of control of O. sulcatus with steinernematids is a promising method of biological protection in ornamental nurseries and gardens.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Nakamuta, K.; van Tol, R. W. H. M.; Visser, J. H.",2005,"An olfactometer for analyzing olfactory responses of death-feigning insects","Applied Entomology and Zoology","Journal Article",40,1,"173-175","The present paper describes a novel Y-track olfactometer for the analyses of olfactory responses of insects which are easily disturbed and then feign to be dead. The olfactometer has been demonstrated to be useful for the analyses of olfactory responses of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.",{"$nulls":29},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Neubauer, C.",1996,"Biological control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus with Steinernema nematodes, under field conditions in northern Germany","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"91-94",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","No paper","Neubauer, C.",1997,"Biotic and abiotic damages and its causes. The black vine weevil - an important pest in rhododendron. / Biotische und abiotische schäden und ihre ursache. Der dickmaulrüssler - ein hauptschädling an rhododendron","Rhododendron und Immergrüne Laubgehölze Jahrbuch","Journal Article",null,1996,"73-83","The biology and population dynamics of the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) on Rhododendron in Germany are described. Chemical and biological control methods are also discussed."]
[null,"x","review only","Nielsen, A. L.; Spence, K. O.; Lewis, E. E.",2008,"Efficacy patterns of biopesticides used in potting media","Biopesticides International","Journal Article",4,2,"87-101","Greenhouse nursery production represents a large and growing industry. In recent years there has been a shift both toward the use of soilless media and integrated pest management. Application of entomopathogens such as nematodes, fungi, and bacteria against soil-dwelling insect pests is a sustainable alternative to insecticide centered control programs. Soilless media (peat, coir, or bark-based) are designed to provide a plant pathogen free growing environment. The potential impact of soilless media on the efficacy of entomopathogens is often overlooked. In this review, we summarize the findings of research studies in which entomopathogens were applied to control insect larvae or eggs in soilless media. Most studies concentrated on controlling coleopteran larvae, primarily Otiorhynchus sulcatus, and dipteran larvae in the Bradysia genus. Entomopathogenic nematodes appear to perform better in peat-based media, but no clear trend emerged for entomopathogenic fungi. Control of Bradysia spp. was usually around 50% but nematodes fared better in bark-based media. The effect of media may not be as important for fungi and bacteria because they are non-motile organisms, whereas nematodes move along the water film to find the host. However, application method may influence the efficacy of fungi and bacteria. In general, few conclusions can be drawn about the direct effect of media on biological agents and we suggest that detailed information on the physical properties of soilless media be provide in future studies."]
["x",null,"Little info- no paper","Nielsen, D. G.",1989,"Minimizing Otiorhynchus root weevil impact in conifer nurseries",null,"Generic",null,null,"71-79","Otiorhynchus sulcatus and O. ovatus are the most ubiquitous and damaging species in the genus. Larvae of these flightless, parthenogenic species destroy roots; adults may cause unacceptable defoliation during 4 weeks of maturation feeding and a 3-month oviposition period. They are both generally distributed in much of Europe and North America and in parts of Australia, New Zealand, and Japan where they are occasional pests of conifers in nursery production. Although some insecticides have shown promise for controlling larvae in field plantations of nursery crops, a control strategy based on vigilance for adult activity and thorough-coverage, foliar sprays of effective insecticides is suggested as the main line of chemical defence. Parasitic fungi and nematodes, although effective against root weevil larvae in containerized plants and in greenhouses, are not effective in the field.","x","x","x",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,"x","Tree",{"$nulls":10},"x","x"]
[null,"x","No paper/abstract","Nielsen, D. G.",1983,"Comparative toxicities of insecticides to adult black vine weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) under laboratory conditions","Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society","Journal Article",18,1,"53-57"]
["x",null,null,"Nielsen, D. G.; Boggs, J. F.",1985,"Topical toxicity of insecticides to 1st instar black vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",78,5,"1114-1117",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Nielsen, D. G.; Boggs, J. F.",1985,"Influence of soil type and moisture on toxicity of insecticides to 1st instar black vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",78,4,"753-756",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Nielsen, D. G.; Dunlap, M. J.",1981,"Black vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) - reproductive potential on selected plants","Annals of the Entomological Society of America","Journal Article",74,1,"60-65",{"$nulls":18},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract no paper","Nielsen, D. G.; Dunlap, M. J.",1992,"Taxus control of black vine weevil larvae Wooster Ohio 1990","Insecticide and Acaricide Tests","Journal Article",null,null,"354-355"]
["x",null,null,"Nielsen, D. G.; Dunlap, M. J.; Boggs, J. F.",1978,"Progress report on research in black vine weevil control","Ohio Report on Research and Development","Journal Article",63,3,"41-44",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":12},"x","x","Ornamental",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Nielsen, D. G.; Montgomery, M. E.",1977,"Toxicity and persistence of foliar insecticide sprays against black vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",70,4,"510-512",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":8},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Nielsen, D. G.; Niemczyk, H. D.; Balderston, C. P.; Purrington, F. F.",1975,"Black vine weevil Coleoptera: Curculionidae - resistance to dieldrin and sensitivity to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",68,3,"291-292",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Nielsen, D. G.; Roth, J. R.",1985,"Influence of potting media on toxicity of bendiocarb and carbofuran to 1st instar black vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",78,4,"742-747",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
[null,null,"No abstract no paper","Nyberg, C. J.; Baird, C. R.",1985,"An overview of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, as a pest of hops in southwestern Idaho","Washington State Entomological Society Proceedings","Journal Article",null,null,"765-769"]
["x",null,null,"Oakley, J.",1994,"Strawberries - control of vine weevil with su SCon green, insect-parasitic nematodes and insect-pathogenic fungi",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":4},"x","x","x",null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry","x"]
["x",null,null,"Oddsdottir, E. S.; Eilenberg, J.; Sen, R.; Halldorsson, G.",2010,"The effects of insect pathogenic soil fungi and ectomycorrhizal inoculation of birch seedlings on the survival of Otiorhynchus larvae","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",12,3,"319-324","Weevil larvae of the genus Otiorhynchus are a serious problem in agriculture and forestry, causing damage to a wide range of plant species, primarily by larval feeding on roots. Otiorhynchus larvae are a serious pest in forest plantations in Iceland, causing 10-20% mortality of newly-planted seedlings. We studied the effects of soil fungi on the survival of Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae. The larvae were introduced into pots with birch seedlings grown in: (i) nursery peat; (ii) nursery peat inoculated with three different species of ectomycorrhizal fungi; (iii) nursery peat inoculated with insect pathogenic fungi; (iv) nursery peat inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and insect pathogenic fungi; and (v) nursery peat inoculated with natural forest soil from Icelandic birch woodland. Larval survival was negatively affected by inoculation of: (i) the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata; (ii) the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophylum; (iii) the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae; and (iv) forest soil. Inoculation with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Phialophora finlandia did not have any significant effect on larval survival. No significant synergistic effect was found between insect pathogenic and ectomycorrhizal fungi. It is concluded that ectomycorrhizal and insect pathogenic fungi have a significant potential in biological control of Otiorhynchus larvae in afforestation areas in Iceland. Further studies are needed to establish the effect of these fungi in the field and to analyse how mycorrhizal fungi affect root-feeding larvae.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x","x",null,"Tree",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Owen, N. P.; Raupp, M. J.; Sadof, C. S.; Bull, B. C.",1991,"Influence of entomophagous nematodes and irrigation on black vine weevil in Euonymus fortunuei Turcz. Hard. Mazz. beds","Journal of Environmental Horticulture","Journal Article",9,3,"109-112","Entomophagous nematodes were applied to beds of Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hard. Mazz. in an urban park to evaluate their potential for controlling black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius). Although no significant difference was attributed to nematode treatments, weevil damage in non-irrigated beds was lower than in irrigated beds. Irrigation management may be helpful for controlling this pest.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x",null,"Ornamental ","x"]
["x",null,null,"Parrella, M. P.; Keil, C. B.",1984,"Black vine weevil: an increasing problem for California nurseries","California Agriculture","Journal Article",38,null,"12-14","Notes are given on the biology of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), a pest of young plants grown in containers or in nurseries in the USA. In studies on Taxus plants in a nursery in northern California, infestation was observed to be severe (up to 70 weevils/plant) in patches, with a very low level of infestation outside the patches. In laboratory studies with 5 insecticides, carbofuran and bendiocarb (in topical applications) proved most toxic to adults. Field tests showed that a foliar spray containing a compound with good residual action, applied at night when adult activity is first observed, may give sufficient adult mortality to prevent much oviposition.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Ornamental ",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Parsons, R. G.; Pearce, M. A.; Hingley, P. J.; Lankford, W. T.; James, D. A.",1998,"Control of vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) in container grown ornamentals with fipronil",null,"Generic",null,null,"819-822","In twenty trials carried out between 1996 and 1998 at four sites in the UK, fipronil gave outstanding control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus. In these trials, application was preventative by incorporation of granule formulation in potting compost. In eighteen trials a 0.1% formulation was tested and in two, a 2% granule was used. Artificial inoculation of O. sulcatus eggs ensured that pest pressure was intense. At the end of each trial larvae were counted and their effects on plant growth and survival assessed. Six crop genera, azalea [Rhododendron], Cyclamen, Euonymus, Fuchsia, Polyanthus [Primula] and Thuja, greenhouse and outside grown, were included in one and two season trials. Peat and peat/bark composts were tested. Fipronil at different rates was compared with chlorpyrifos. At 1 g a.i. per cubic metre of compost, control was consistent, persistent, almost 100% and clearly better than that given by the standard.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental ",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Patten, K.; Metzger, C.",2009,"Cranberry pest management with OP alternative insecticides","Ix International Vaccinium Symposium","Book Section",810,null,"411-415","There have been ongoing regulatory and environmental concerns over the use of organophosphates (OP) for management of cranberry insects. Obtaining efficacy with non-OP alternatives, however, has been problematic due to the use of chemigation as the predominant application method. Control of several key pests with alternative chemistries was assessed. The insecticides imidacloprid, clothianidin, chlorantraniliprole, metaflumizone and thiamethoxam were evaluated for larvicidal efficacy on blackvine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) (BVW). Imidacloprid, clothianidin, metaflumizone and thiamethoxam were effective on sand beds. Results for imidacloprid and clothianidin on peat beds indicated reduced efficacy. Trials on tipworm (Dasineura oxycoccana) (TW) were conducted comparing the efficacies of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. israelensis (Bti), chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, metaflumizone and spirotetramat to diazinon. None of the alternative insecticides provided consistent significant control on par with diazinon. The insecticides acetamiprid, chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, indoxacarb, metaflumizone, novaluron, pyridalyl, spinosad, spinetoram, and thiacloprid were evaluated for efficacy on blackheaded fireworm (Rhopobota naevana) (BHFW) larvae. All of these new chemistries, except chlorantraniliprole, had reasonable efficacy on BHFW when applied with low to high-volume broadcast methods. Compared to diazinon, the efficacies of flubendiamide and metaflumizone were compromised for chemigation applications.","x",null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":12},"x","x","Cranberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Payne, C.",1990,"Control of root weevils in soft fruit",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":12},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Payne, C. C.",1984,"Entomology and insect pathology","Annual Report, Glasshouse Crops Research Institute, UK","Journal Article",null,null,"84-99","The results are presented of investigations on arthropod pest control and pathology, mainly on vegetable crops in the glasshouse. The topics dealt with include the integrated control of Tetranychus urticae, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Hauptidia maroccana and Thrips tabaci; the use of insect-pathogenic fungi against Otiorhynchus sulcatus (on an ornamental plant); the use of evaporimeters to predict the success of a commercial myco-insecticide; the control of mosquitoes using the fungi Tolypocladium cylindrosporum and Culicinomyces clavosporus; and laboratory and field experiments with a granulosis virus against Cydia pomonella (on apple).",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Penman, D. R.; Scott, R. R.",1976,"Impact of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F), on blackcurrants and strawberries in Canterbury","New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture","Journal Article",4,4,"381-384",{"$nulls":19},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Blackcurrant & strawberry",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,"x","x",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Penman, D. R.; Scott, R. R.",1976,"Adults emergence and egg production of the black vine weevil in Canterbury New Zealand","New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture","Journal Article",4,4,"385-389","Adult emergence of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), from strawberries cv. 'Tioga' at Lincoln College, Canterbury [New Zealand] occurred predominantly within a 15-day period in 1974. Most adults emerged between 23 Oct. and 7 Nov. No adults were observed to overwinter. Egg production was recorded for adults held in the laboratory and fed diets of white clover, strawberry, or black currant foliage. Egg production from the berryfruit-fed adults was significantly greater than that from clover-fed adults. Oviposition continued with all diets for > 28 wk, recordings being terminated at that point because of lack of foliage for feeding. Some adults survived for over a year. Oviposition records showed a cyclic pattern, mean number of egg-laying days per cycle being 51.1 and 49.2 for strawberry and black currant respectively, and 12.2 for clover. The number of days between cycles was not significantly different between diets.",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,null,"x","Strawberry",null,null,null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Phillips, P. A.",1989,"Simple monitoring of black vine weevil in vineyards","California Agriculture","Journal Article",43,3,"12-13",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x","Grapes",null,null,"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Pickett, J. A.; Bartlett, E.; Buxton, J. H.; Wadhams, L. J.; Woodcock, C. M.",1996,"Chemical ecology of adult vine weevil","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"41-45","Adult vine weevil chemical ecology e.g. aggregation behaviour",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,"Little info in abstract","Pipe, N. D.; Heale, J. B.",1990,"DNA RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis and strain improvement of the entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae",null,"Generic",null,null,"471-471","The use of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to increase the pathogenicity and cold tolerance of strains of Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus is outlined.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Pommier, J. J.",1986,"The vine weevil in Perigord strawberry plantations. / L'otiorrhynque dans les fraiseraies du Périgord","P.H.M. - Revue Horticole","Journal Article",null,265,"29-33","The damage caused by adults and larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus is described and its life history is outlined. In trials Curater [carbofuran], which has yet to be authorized in France, gave satisfactory control. Provisional recommendations are as follows: (i) at mechanical planting, Curater at 12 kg/ha should be buried along the row between the plants before plastic mulch is applied, and (ii) at manual planting, Curater at 6 to 12 kg/ha should be buried around the plants. In the case of heavy infestations another application as for (ii) should be made after 60 days.","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":14},"Strawberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Pope, T.; Arbona, C.; Roberts, H.; Bennison, J.; Buxton, J.; Prince, G.; Chandler, D.",2013,"Exploiting vine weevil behaviour to disseminate an entomopathogenic fungus","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",90,null,"59-62","Control of adult vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) is currently reliant on the use of insecticides. However, using insecticide applications targeted against this pest is difficult, as they need to be applied at dusk, and are often incompatible with integrated pest management programmes. This study investigated the potential of a novel control strategy that uses artificial refuges containing spores of an entomopathogenic fungus and exploits vine weevil behaviour to disseminate the pathogen throughout weevil populations. Preliminary experiments identified a simple plastic crawling insect trap as a suitable artificial vine weevil refuge. Subsequent semi-field experiments using fluorescent powders in place of an entomopathogenic fungus spore formulation showed that vine weevil aggregation behaviour and movement between refuges effectively disseminated the powders throughout weevil populations.",null,"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":13},"x",null,null,null,"x","Strawberry & ornamental",{"$nulls":5},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Pope, T.; Gundalai, E.; Hough, G.; Wood, A.; Bennison, J.; Prince, G.; Chandler, D.",2013,"How far does a weevil walk?","Aspects of Applied Biology","Journal Article",119,null,"97-104","Vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) remains one of the most serious pest problems\nof soft fruit and ornamental crops. Damage is caused both by the adults, resulting in\ncharacteristic leaf notching, and larvae, which feed on plant roots, corms and tubers.\nThere is an urgent need to improve control of vine weevil and in particular to provide\ngrowers with effective Integrated Pest Management-compatible controls with which to\ntarget the adult stage of this pest. One approach currently under investigation is to exploit\nvine weevil behaviour to disseminate spores of an entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) placed\nwithin the crop environment in artificial refuges. However, to be effective this approach\nrequires that weevils move through the crop environment in order to spread the pathogen\nfrom the artificial refuges.\nRecording vine weevil movement within crop environments is difficult and traditional\nmark-release-recapture studies report low recapture rates. This study is the first to use\npassive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags to record vine weevil movement.\nResults indicate that weevil movement within crop environments has the potential to\ndisseminate spores of an EPF. However, further work is required to use weevil movement\ndata to determine the optimum density of EPF-baited artificial refuges",null,"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":13},"x","x",null,null,"x","Strawberry & ornamental"]
["x",null,"Targeted eggs","Poprawski, T. J.; Marchal, M.; Robert, P. H.",1985,"Comparative susceptibility of Otiorhynchus sulcatus and Sitona lineatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) early stages to 5 entomopathogenic hyphomycetes","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",14,3,"247-253",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","Foreign","Prado, E.",1980,"Control of black vine weevil larvae (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus) using the insect pathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarrhizium anisopliae and Metarrhizium flavoviride","Vaxtskyddsnotiser","Journal Article",44,6,"160-167"]
["x",null,null,"Rasmussen, A. N.",1977,"Control of the ear weevil. / Bekaempelse af oeresnudebiller","Manedsoversigt over Plantesygdomme","Journal Article",null,501,"79-79","Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) has increased in importance as a pest of plants in Denmark in recent years, in both large and small holdings, possibly as a result of the ban on the use of DDT and aldrin against other pests. Current insecticides are effective against these weevils, but they conceal themselves by day and are not easy to detect, so that damage is caused before measures can be applied. Tests on the effectiveness of various chemicals against all stages of the pest have recently been carried out on strawberry, and three materials have been found effective in sprays, namely Gusathion 50 [azinphos-methyl], Midi Feni 30 [fenitrothion] and Vydate L [oxamyl], especially when applied against the adults. Natural mortality is high among the larvae, so that estimation of mortality due to toxicants is not always easy to assess. The best effects against larvae were obtained with oxamyl, aldicarb, fenitrothion, gamma -BHC (lindane) and carbofuran, but parathion and azinphos-methyl also gave good reductions in numbers. Chlorfenvinphos had no effect on the adults but in field tests was fairly effective against the larvae. The tests indicated that the larvae must be controlled while they are still very small. As they approach pupation, they become much less susceptible to toxicants.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":12},"x","x","Strawberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Rasmussen, A. N.",1978,"The greenhouse weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) on strawberries in the field. Biology and control. / Vaeksthussnudebillen (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) i jordbaer pa friland. Levevis og bekaempelse","Statens Planteavlsforsoeg. Meddelelse.","Journal Article",80,1429,"4","Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) has become of recent years a common pest not only in greenhouses, but also in nurseries and on strawberries grown in the open in Denmark. Factors thought to have favoured the weevil are the use of plastic covers on soil and plants, cultivation in containers in nurseries and spreading of peat, all of which provide favourable conditions. A further factor is the ban on the use of DDT and aldrin, which provided control of adults and larvae and were more persistent than insecticides currently in use. Tests on biology and control on strawberries were carried out in 1974-77. It was found that the weevil has one generation a year, adults emerging between mid-June and August, feeding on leaves and laying eggs between August and October and showing a strong tendency to migrate. Some of them overwintered and oviposited again in May, but these apparently died off in June. The eggs hatched in 11-15 days at 20 deg C and 42-50 days at 10 deg C; no hatching occurred at 5 deg C. The larvae feed in the soil on the roots of the plants in autumn (hatching beginning in mid-August), causing damage that does not become apparent until the following spring. They overwinter and pupate in May or June. Pupation did not take place at temperatures below 13 deg C, although larval development was possible at 6 deg C. Thus, larvae from eggs laid in May-June by overwintered weevils pupate in the following spring, at the same time as those from eggs laid in August-September. The pupal stage lasted 3-4 weeks. Development is somewhat accelerated under plastic, owing to the higher temperature. The adult weevils cannot fly but migrate for up to about 50 m. New plantings should therefore be situated at least 50-100 m from old ones. The control tests against adults were carried in greenhouse conditions because of this tendency to migrate and showed that spraying with azinphos-methyl, fenitrothion and etrimfos gave rapid mortality, while oxamyl, parathion, formothion and methomyl were satisfactory but less rapid in action. gamma -BHC (lindane) appeared to be less reliable. Other materials had still less effect. Tests against the larvae were carried out in the field, and the best results were obtained with oxamyl and chlorfenvinphos applied in water after picking and carbofuran applied in granules.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,"x","x","x","Strawberry",null,null,null,"x","x",null,null,null,"x","x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Rasmussen, A. N.",1978,"Vine weevil in strawberries. / Vaeksthussnudebiller i jordbaer","Gartner Tidende","Journal Article",null,27,"432-434","In insecticide trials from 1974-1977 on controlling Otiorhynchus sulcatus in strawberries, the most rapidly active chemicals under glass were azinphos-methyl, fenitrothion and etrimfos, but oxamyl, parathion, formothion and methomyl also gave satisfactory control. In field trials against weevil larvae, oxamyl was very effective, whereas carbofuran gave no control. It is recommended that spraying should start immediately after harvesting, with 3 applications at 14-day intervals, using Gusathion 50 [azinphos-methyl], Midol Feni 50 [fenitrothion] Ekamet [etrimfos], Vydate L [oxamyl] or Egodan Parathion 35 [parathion]. An alternative when the newly emerged larvae are found in mid-August is to spray in mid-September with Vydate L.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,"Little info in abstract","Reding, M. E.; Klein, M. G.; Brazee, R. D.; Krause, C. R.",2003,"Research on black vine weevil and white grubs in ornamental nurseries in Ohio by USDA-ARS",null,"Generic",null,null,null,"This paper reports studies, conducted by USDA-ARS in Ohio, USA, on the biology, including life history, natural enemies and management of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) and various exotic scarab grubs, including the Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera castanea), European chafer (Rhizotrogus majalis [Amphimallon majalis]), Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) and oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis [Blitopertha orientalis]), in ornamental nurseries.",{"$nulls":23},"Ornamental",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Reding, M. E.; Persad, A. B.",2009,"Systemic insecticides for control of black vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in container- and field-grown nursery crops","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",102,3,"927-933","Black vine weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), are serious pests of container- and field-grown nursery crops. Management programs usually target the larval stage in container-grown plants and the adults in field-grown plants. We tested several new systemic insecticides for efficacy against black vine weevil in container-grown Sedum spp. and field-grown Taxus spp. In 2006 and 2007, clothianidin, dinotefuran, and chlorantraniliprole were applied as surface drenches to containerized Sedum. plants, and suppression of larval densities and adult feeding were evaluated. Sedum. leaf bioassays were used to further examine the influence of clothianidin, dinotefuran, and chlorantraniliprole on adult feeding. In 2006, pots were infested with adult black vine weevil 1 d after treating, and in 2007 pots were infested 1 or 43 d after treating. All three insecticides significantly reduced the numbers of larvae in 2006, but not in 2007, because of low numbers of larvae in the untreated control plants. Dinotefuran and clothianidin reduced feeding by adult black vine weevil on containerized Sedum plants, resulting in more blossoms, fewer damaged leaves, and a lower percentage of leaves damaged compared with control plants. In bioassays with detached leaves, all three insecticides reduced feeding compared with control plants. Efficacy and timing of clothianidin, imidacloprid, and acephate soil drenches and imidacloprid and acephate soil injections were evaluated for black vine weevil control over a 1-yr period in field-grown Taxus plants. All insecticide treatments significantly reduced the numbers of larvae in field-grown Taxus plants compared with control plants; and all but the spring acephate drench improved the appearance of the Taxus (foliar rating) plants compared with untreated plants. All of the tested insecticides showed potential for preventing infestations of black vine weevil larvae and reducing feeding by the adults in ornamental plants.","x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,null,"x","x","Ornamental",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Reding, M. E.; Ranger, C. M.",2011,"Systemic insecticides reduce feeding, survival, and fecundity of adult black vine weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on a variety of ornamental nursery crops","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",104,2,"405-413","Systemic activity of the neonicotinoids clothianidin, dinotefuran, and thiamethoxam and the anthranilic diamide chlorantraniliprole was tested against adult black vine weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), on Astilbe, Euonymus, Heuchera, Rhododendron, Sedum, and Taxus. Insecticide treatments were applied to the soilless substrate of containerized plants. Bioassays were conducted 12 or 13, 26, and 42 d after treatment (DAT) and ran for 7 d; and feeding, mortality, and weight gain or loss by weevils were evaluated. Foliage was removed from test plants and then placed in arenas with adult black vine weevils. The neonicotinoids reduced feeding and weight gain by adult black vine weevils on most plant species with residual activity 42 DAT on some plant species. At 12 DAT, mortality was caused by the three neonicotinoids on Astilbe and by thiamethoxam on Sedum; and at 26 DAT dinotefuran caused mortality on Astilbe. Chlorantraniliprole reduced feeding on Taxus at 12 DAT, with no activity detected in other bioassays. Another set of bioassays was conducted to examine survival and fecundity of adult black vine weevils during prolonged feeding on Heuchera and Taxus systemically treated with dinotefuran or thiamethoxam. Bioassay procedures were similar to those described above, except they ran continuously for 56 d. Prolonged feeding on dinotefuran and thiamethoxam treated Heuchera and Taxus resulted in high mortality of adult black vine weevils and reduced fecundity. These studies show that the systemic activity of neonicotinoids is influenced by plant species and that systemic neonicotinoids have the potential to suppress black vine weevil populations in containerized nursery crops.","x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Ornamental",null,"x",null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Reding, Michael E.",2008,"Black vine weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) performance in container- and field-grown hosts","Journal of Entomological Science","Journal Article",43,3,"300-310","The black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.) feeds on a variety of plant species and is a serious pest of ornamental nursery crops. The larval stage has a more restricted diet than the adult stage, but the larvae are more damaging because they feed on roots and often stunt or kill their hosts. Performance and establishment of larvae in various container- and field-grown nursery crops were examined. In trials on containerized plants, adult black vine weevil were caged with various combinations of known larval hosts. In these trials, most larvae were found in Sedum and Heuchera versus Astilbe, redbud, and Taxus. Larvae collected from Sedum, weighed significantly more than those from Heuchera or Taxus. In one field trial, adult black vine weevils were released, and establishment of larvae among potential hosts was examined. In this trial, Sedum was a better host than hemlock or Rudbeckia. Based on the numbers of larvae found in the different plant species, Sedurn was the best host for larvae. Another field trial examined the influence of mulch on the occurrence of larvae. The presence of mulch around small field-grown Taxus plants did not increase the numbers of larvae compared with bare soil. The presence of aged pine bark or Taxus needle mulches did not influence the occurrence of black vine weevils in field plots of young Taxus. Data from monitoring adults suggest they either emigrated from these plots within several weeks of emergence, although suitable hosts were present, or there was high mortality.",{"$nulls":17},"x","x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",{"$nulls":6},"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Reibnitz, C. von; Backhaus, G. F.",1992,"Analysis of the incidence and control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus in tree nurseries. Results from a survey in Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein. / Analyse des befalls mit Otiorhynchus sulcatus und der bekämpfungsmethoden in baumschulkulturen. Ergebnisse einer Umfrage in Niedersachsen und Schleswig-Holstein","Gesunde Pflanzen","Journal Article",45,2,"54-60","The results of a survey of 80 tree nursery farmers, conducted in the summer of 1992 in Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, confirmed that Otiorhynchus spp., particularly O. sulcatus, are still important pests infesting many ornamental plants in tree nurseries. Highest infestation levels were recorded in March (53% of the farmers), April (66% of the farmers) and September (50% of the farmers). Year-round infestation was reported in glasshouse cultures by 10 farmers. Insecticides were used by 77.5% of the farmers. Most of the surveyed farmers (84%) had heard about biological control with entomopathogenic nematodes, but only 35% were aware of nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis.","x",null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,"Tree",{"$nulls":9},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Reibnitz, C. von; Backhaus, G. F.",1994,"Investigations on demand for biological control of Otiorhynchus spp. and cost structure of production methods for entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis). / Untersuchungen zum bedarf biologischer pflanzenschutzverfahren gegen Otiorhynchus spp. im gartenbau und zur kostenstruktur der produktionsverfahren für entomopathogene nematoden (Heterorhabditis)","Gartenbauwissenschaft","Journal Article",59,5,"199-206","Results of a survey of 80 tree nurseries in the German States of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower-Saxony, which was carried out during summer 1992, gave basic information about the demand for entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of Otiorhynchus spp. This serves as a basis for the estimation of the production costs and the cost structure of the production methods for Heterorhabditis spp. Chemical control methods do not lead to satisfactory results. Biological control methods, which are more effective, have not often been used by the farmers at the time of the survey due to an insufficient availability of entomopathogenic nematodes with high quality-standards, comparatively high costs per unit of nematodes and the low standard of information about the application methods for nematodes in the nurseries. In contrast to the traditional production method for heterorhabditid nematodes, lower production costs and prices, and higher quality standards are expected by a new, innovative technology for producing nematodes, developed by the Institute for Phytopathology of the University of Kiel. The economic particularities of this innovative technology are discussed.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,"Tree"]
["x",null,null,"Reinecke, P.; Andersch, W.; Stenzel, K.; Hartwig, J.",1990,"BIO 1020, a new microbial insecticide for use in horticultural crops",null,"Generic",null,null,"49-84","Under the code name BIO 1020, a microbial insecticide has been developed, based on a wild-type strain of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. The fungus can be produced on a large scale by fermentation. The product consists of dry granules with a shelf life of at least 6 months. When these 0.5- to 1.0-mm diameter granules are mixed with soil, an intensive conidiation takes place on the granules. The conidia infect a number of important insect pests, in particular Otiorhynchus sulcatus. Trials in the greenhouse and also under practical conditions in a nursery have shown high effectiveness against O. sulcatus in several ornamental crops, such as Azalea [Rhododendron], Taxus, Cyclamen, Chrysanthemum, Fuchsia, Geranium, Hedera and Begonia. Mixing of the granules into the potting soil before planting results in a level of control similar to that given by chemical standards, with even better residual effects. Intensive studies have shown no particular toxicological risks or environmental hazards.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,"x","x",null,"Ornamental",null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Reinecke, P.; Andersch, W.; Stenzel, K.; Hartwig, J.",1991,"Problems in the development of microbial crop protection products illustrated by BIO 1020. / Probleme bei der entwicklung mickrobieller pflanzenschutzmittel am beispiel von BIO 1020","Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes","Journal Article",43,5,"98-100","The problems encountered during development of microbial pesticides are illustrated by using the example of the microbial insecticide BIO 1020. The product consists of living granules of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and is intended for use against Otiorhynchus sulcatus in ornamental plants.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"Ornamental"]
["x",null,"Little info - no abstract","Reineke, A.; Hauck, M.","2012","Efficiency of NeemAzal-T/S against different developmental stages of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius 1775) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Mitteilungen Der Deutschen Gesellschaft Fur Allgemeine Und Angewandte Entomologie, Bd 18","Book Section",18,null,"487-490",null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,null,"x","x","Ornamental",null,"x","x","x","x"]
[null,"x","Not about sulcatus","Reineke, A.; Hirsch, J.; Kubach, G.",2011,"Aggregation, abundance and dispersal capabilities of Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus Goeze and Otiorhynchus raucus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in plantations of ornamental plants","Journal of Pest Science","Journal Article",84,3,"297-302","The black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a well-known insect pest causing damages and economic losses on various horticultural plants. In recent times, numerous other weevils like O. rugosostriatus, O. raucus, O. ovatus or O. salicicola are becoming increasingly important in horticulture. We applied mark-release-recapture studies to estimate population size, survival rates, aggregation patterns and dispersal capabilities of adult O. raucus and O. rugosostriatus in a commercial plantation of perennial ornamental plants. Knowledge of these characteristics is important for the correct timing and design of efficient control strategies. Of 191 individually coded O. raucus and 340 O. rugosostriatus, 30 and 24%, respectively, were recaptured at least once over a period of 96 days. The majority of weevils were recaptured within 2-3 m away from their release point and thus both species can be regarded as being quite sedentary. In accordance, patchiness of weevil distribution was clearly evident in the study area. Population sizes reached maximum values after the peak of adult emergence from pupae in spring (for O. raucus) and late summer (for O. rugosostriatus), with high survival rates being evident in particular for O. raucus. This study provides for the first time data on population ecology of two weevil species, whose abundance and importance as putative insect pests in horticulture has increased over the last years."]
["x",null,null,"Ricci, M.; Fifi, A. P.; Berardinis, M. de; Colli, M.; Barcarotti, R.; Ragni, A.",2004,"Development of a bio-inseticide based on a cold-active entomopathogenic nematode","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",27,8,"139-139","Several cold-active nematode isolates found in soil collected during 1994 in the Italian Alps were screened under conditions as close as possible to the real environment in which Otiorhynchus sulcatus develops. Potted plants grown on peat, infected with larvae of O. sulcatus and treated with 0.5×106 nematodes/m2, were used, and results were evaluated between 14 and 21 days after treatment. Screening was done at 12, 8 and 5°C, with a commercial strain of Steinernema feltiae as reference. The efficacy of this commercial strain was comparable to the cold-active isolated only when tested at 20°C, and it was far lower at extreme temperatures. The cold-active isolate can be used for the control of O. sulcatus larvae within a wide range of temperatures from as low as 5°C to a maximum of 20°C. In field trials, the selected nematode was very effective at very low temperatures. RAPD-PCR analysis identified the nematode as Steinernema kraussei.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Richardson, P. N.",1990,"Uses for parasitic nematodes in insect control strategies in protected crops","Aspects of Applied Biology","Journal Article",null,24,"205-210","Recent research that has contributed to the development of rhabditids as biological control agents in glasshouse and mushroom crops in the UK is reviewed. Steinernema, Neoaplectana and Heterorhabditis spp. can be used for the control of black vine weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) in ornamental pot plants and their ability to infest a wide range of insects should allow them to be used equally sucessfully against several fly pests of mushrooms.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"small bit on ornamentals mainly about using nematodes on fly pests in mushrooms ","Richardson, P. N.",1992,"Entomopathogenic nematodes and the protected crops industry","Phytoparasitica","Journal Article",20,null,"S61-S65","Entomopathogenic rhabditid nematodes of die genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are ideal biological control agents for use against insect pests living in soils, composts or other cryptic habitats. The protected crops industry provides particularly favourable conditions for the survival, dispersal and recycling of rhabditids. The parasites are an effective and economic alternative to chemicals for the control of black vine weevil in ornamental pot plants. Their ability to infest a wide range of insects has also enabled them to be used successfully against several fly pests of mushrooms. In mushroom culture they not only control sciarid flies but also stimulate significant increases in crop yield.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Riemens, M. M.; Zoon, F. C.; van Tol, R. W. H. M.",2003,"Water soluble volatiles released by vine weevil damaged roots attract entomopathogenic nematodes","Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society (N.E.V.)","Journal Article",14,null,"91-94",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental"]
["x",null,null,"RiveroLynch, A. P.; Brown, V. K.; Lawton, J. H.",1996,"The impact of leaf shape on the feeding preference of insect herbivores: Experimental and field studies with Gapsella and Phyllotreta","Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences","Journal Article",351,1348,"1671-1677","Leaves display an enormous array of sizes and shapes. Although these attributes appear to have evolved primarily in response to abiotic conditions in the plant's habitat, the importance of insect herbivores as additional selective agents is still poorly understood. A necessary requirement for leaf size and shape to evolve in response to attack by insects is that insects must respond to and/or be affected by, leaf morphology. We tested leaf-shape preferences in adult flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) feeding on the highly variable rosette leaves of Capsella bursa-pastoris. Contrary to theoretical expectation (Brown & Lawton 1991), leaves with deeply lobed margins were more intensely damaged, both in field-collected and experimental plants. In two ancillary experiments with Capsella, we found that Spodoptera caterpillars showed no preferences for leaf shape, but that adult vine weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) did, preferring (as predicted), undivided over divided leaves. We conclude that Brown & Lawton's (1991) hypothesis is at best weakly supported by laboratory data for vine weevils, refuted by laboratory data for Spodoptera, and consistently refuted by both laboratory and field data for flea beetles. Although the experiment tried to reduce confounding variables to a minimum, interpretation was complicated by correlations between leaf shape and other developmental parameters of the plants, and highlights the difficulty of disentangling leaf-shape effects from other confounding factors.",{"$nulls":31},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Rombach, M. C.; Gillespie, A. T.",1988,"Entomogenous hyphomycetes for insect and mite control on greenhouse crops","Biocontrol News and Information","Journal Article",9,1,"7-18","Microbial control of greenhouse aphids and whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) has concentrated on the use of Verticillium lecanii and Aschersonia aleyrodis, both of which can be used in conjunction with the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa. V. lecanii has a wide host range but can be recommended only for aphid control on chrysanthemums and for whitefly control on cucumbers, although recent studies suggest that this fungus also has potential for mite and thrips control. A. aleyrodis can reduce whitefly populations, but is limited because it does not spread and cannot infect adults. The possible use of Metarhizium anisopliae and M. flavoviride var. flavoviride for control of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus is examined and certain isolates show promise for control of this pest on ornamentals. Fungal control of Tetranychus urticae has generally been disappointing. Hirsutella thompsonii was pathogenic in the laboratory but failed to infect mites in the glasshouse even with intensive watering and misting. Entomogenous fungi have rigid requirements for high relative humidity and moderate temperatures to permit both host infection and conidial production. Therefore, careful attention must be given to temperature and humidity monitoring if fungal products are to be successful in controlling arthropod pests.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Rosen, H. von",1978,"Biological control of agricultural and horticultural pests in Sweden",null,"Generic",null,null,"9-12","The author reviews the limited amount of work that has been carried out in Sweden on the biological control of arthropod pests of agriculture and horticulture. A brief summary is given of current research projects at the National Institute for Plant Protection at Solna; these include work on the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis against various insect pests, the use of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot against Tetranychus urticae Koch and Encarsia formosa Gah. against Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.) on greenhouse crops, of species of Carabidae and Staphylinidae as predators of various insect pests, of Beauveria bassiana against the strawberry pest Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), and the integrated control of orchard pests.",null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Rosetta, R. L.; Svenson, S. E.",2001,"Insecticide efficacy for control of root weevils on rhododendron","Hortscience","Journal Article",36,3,"553-553","In May 2000, adult stages of black vine root weevil (BVW) and rough strawberry root weevil (RSW) were established in 2.75-liter containers of Rhododendron 'Catawbiense Album.' Insecticides were applied on 30 May, and efficacy was evaluated as percentage of adult mortality and effective kill ratio (EKR) 6 and 14 days after treatment (DAT). Insecticides had differential efficacy on the two root weevil species. While acetamiprid appeared ineffective for BVW, it was effective for RSW. Similarly, soil applied thiamethoxam did not kill BVW, but did have higher EKR for RSW. Conversely, bifenthrin-treated pots and pot discs were effective against BVW, but not against RSW. For BVW at 6 DAT, foliar applied acephate, bifenthrin, lambda cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam had higher EKR compared to bifenthrin-treated pots and pot discs, soil-applied thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, deltamethrin, or the untreated control. For RSW at 6 DAT, foliar applied bifentrhin, lambda cyhalothrin, and thiamethoxam had higher EKR compared to bifenthrin-treated pots and pot discs, deltamethrin, or the untreated control.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x","x",{"$nulls":14},"x","Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Rosetta, R. L.; Svenson, S. E.; Bell, N. C.",1998,"Evaluation of three soil-applied insecticides for root weevil control in container-grown nursery crops","Hortscience","Journal Article",33,3,"485-485",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":13},"x","Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Rosetta, R.; Svenson, S.; Bell, N.",1999,"Assessment of insecticide efficacy for root weevil control","Hortscience","Journal Article",34,3,"444-444",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x","x","x",{"$nulls":13},"x","Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Rutherford, T. A.; Trotter, D.; Webster, J. M.",1987,"The potential of heterorhabditis nematodes as control agents of root weevils","Canadian Entomologist","Journal Article",119,1,"67-73",null,"x",null,"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x","x",null,"Tree",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","Not about sulcatus","Sabbahi, R.; Merzouki, A.; Guertin, C.",2008,"Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana against the strawberry pests, Lygus lineolaris, Anthonomus signatus and Otiorhynchus ovatus","Journal of Applied Entomology","Journal Article",132,2,"151-160","There are several insect species causing serious economic losses in strawberry, Fragaria vesca L., productions. In Quebec, Canada, the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), the strawberry bud weevil clipper, Anthonomus signatus (Say) and the strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) are the most important pests. We tested the susceptibility of these pests to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana under laboratory conditions. Sixteen isolates were evaluated for their insecticide potential against these insects. Adults of each species were infected by the immersion method. All isolates were pathogenic to adults of all three species, causing mortality rates between 23.3% and 100% at a concentration of 1 x 10(7) conidia/ml. Based on the screening results, isolate INRS-CFL was selected for its insecticide potential and then used for further analyses against L. lineolaris, A. signatus and O. ovatus adults. Bioassays were performed to evaluate the lethal concentration (LC(50)) and the average survival time (AST) of this isolate against both insect species. Results of dose-response mortality bioassays using four concentrations - 1 x 10(4), 1 x 10(6), 1 x 10(8) and 1 x 10(9) conidia/ml - indicated a LC(50) values of 5.3 x 10(5), 1.8 x 10(7) and 9.9 x 10(7) conidia/ml at 7 days after inoculation for L. lineolaris, A. signatus and O. ovatus respectively. Using a dose of 1 x 10(8) conidia/ml, the AST values were estimated at 4.41, 7.56 and 8.29 days, respectively, at a concentration of 1 x 10(8) conidia/ml. This study demonstrated the potential of B. bassiana for the management of L. lineolaris, A. signatus and O. ovatus. Results also suggest that the heteropteran species is more susceptible than coleopteran species to B. bassiana."]
[null,"x","Not about sulcatus","Sabbahi, R.; Merzouki, A.; Guertin, C.",2009,"Potential effect of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) on Anthonomus signatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in strawberries","Biocontrol Science and Technology","Journal Article",19,7,"729-741","The strawberry bud weevil, Anthonomus signatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a serious pest of strawberry crops in Canada. The results of previous laboratory screening and bioassay experiments showed that A. signatus adults were susceptible to several isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsmo) Vuillemin. Based on these results, the INRS-IP and INRS-CFL isolates were selected for field trails. Using a randomized block design with four replicates, three applications of the INRS-IP and INRS-CFL isolates were applied at a rate of 1 x 10(13) conidia/ha at 7-day intervals. The multiple applications of B. bassiana triggered a significant reduction of A. signatus adult populations in strawberries. Twenty-four days after the first application, a significant difference was observed between the mean numbers of surviving adults in all B. bassiana-treated plots compared to control plots. During the field experiment, the persistence of insecticidal activity and the viability of B. bassiana conidia were also monitored. Results showed the presence of viable and infective conidia on strawberry foliage up to 6 days after each application. Moreover, the multiple applications of B. bassiana at a rate of 1 x 10(13) conidia/ha resulted in a significant reduction of damaged strawberry fruits compared with control plots, where fruit loss was caused by A. signatus feeding and egg laying."]
["x",null,null,"Sacco, M.; D'Aquila, F.; Pasini, C.; Costanzi, M.; Mirto, L.",2001,"Comparison of natural insecticides for controlling adults of Otiorrhynchus spp. on ruscus. / Oziorrinco su ruscus: la difesa con prodotti di origine naturale","Colture Protette","Journal Article",30,2,"87-90","Two seperate field trials were carried out in Italian Riviera to test four natural compounds against adults of Otiorrhynchus sulcatus Fabr. and Otiorrhynchus lugens Germ, on ruscus (Danae racemosa). The insecticides compared were rotenone, a neem oil, a natural compound containing pyrethrum, piperonyl butoxide and essential oils, a macerate of Oleander leaves and pyrimiphos-methyl. The products were sprayed weekly, from May to July. Only retenone treatments (150 g/100 l of powder obtained from plants of genus Lonchocarpus) provided a satisfactory reduction of the incidence of leaf notching on ruscus, being as effective as the standard pesticide pyrimiphos-methyl.","x",null,null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Sacco, M.; D'Aquila, F.; Pasini, C.; Costanzi, M.; Porcida, M.",2001,"Control of adults of vine weevil (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) on ruscus (Danae racemosa) by botanical insecticides. / Prove di difesa contro gli adulti di oziorrinco su ruscus (Danae racemosa), in liguria","Informatore Fitopatologico","Journal Article",51,5,"47-50","Two field trials were carried out in Italian Riviera on ruscus (D. racemosa), to test the efficacy of a natural material containing rotenone, used alone and in mixture with pyrethrum or a mineral oil, against adults of vine weevil (O. sulcatus [Otiorhynchus sulcatus]). In both trials the products were sprayed eleven times, from May to July, at weekly intervals. Rotenone, as powder preparation (150 g/100 l of Derris), was shown to be suitable for controlling infestations of adults of vine weevil, mainly if mixed with natural pyrethrum. It has been also possible to verify that natural pyrethrum (+ piperonyl butoxide) is almost ineffective if used alone, but it is able to improve the activity of rotenone. Rotenone alone provided a better effectiveness at the highest dose (250 g/100 l of Derris). A mineral ultra fine oil had been also tested in mixture with rotenone; such combination was active, but caused heavy toxicity symptoms in the plants. Against the larvae, the ineffectiveness of rotenone applied as soil drench was observed, even at a high dose (20 g of Derris/m2), while forate [phorate] was shown to be effective enough.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x","x","Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,"No paper not much info","Saito, T.; Ikeda, F.",1983,"Beaveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill isolated from the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology","Journal Article",27,4,"307-308",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Sampson, A. C.",1994,"Control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus in soft fruit using drench treatments of Steinernema carpocapsae","Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases - 1994, Vols 1-3","Book Section",null,null,"601-608",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x",null,"Blackcurrant & Strawberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Sampson, C.",2008,"Intergrated pest management in protected strawberry crops: increased returns, fewer pests and reduced pesticide use","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",39,null,"115-120",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x",null,"Strawberry"]
["x",null,"review of nematode research","San-Blas, E.",2013,"Progress on entomopathogenic nematology research: A bibliometric study of the last three decades: 1980-2010","Biological Control","Journal Article",66,2,"102-124","Entomopathogenic nematodes have achieved a place in biological control programmes because of their effectiveness, speed of action, innocuousness to non-insect targets and simplicity of mass production. However many challenges derived to the lack of knowledge in some critical steps from laboratories to their use in the fields, have to be resolved in order to improve their performance and to reduce the mass production costs. For those reasons, studies on entomopathogenic nematology have increased considerably in the last few decades. Also, there have been important changes in the ways that results are published; many of them relate to major transformations in scientific trends. Using bibliometric tools we characterize variations in number, types of journal, countries of origin, research topics and the number of participating countries, of 1923 papers (from 1980 to 2010) reported in several on-line editorial databases. (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":7},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Saunders, J. L.",1970,"Carbofuran drench for black vine weevil Coleoptera-Curculionidae control on container grown spruce","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",63,5,"1698-1699",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":12},"x",null,"Tree"]
["x",null,null,"Schaik, M. van",2009,"New insights regarding yew beetle. / Nieuwe inzichten omtrent taxuskever","Fruitteelt (Den Haag)","Journal Article",99,9,"12-13","Blueberry in the Netherlands are often damaged by yew beetles (Otiorhynchus spp.). Different trapping methods (use of beetle traps, host plants, timber, and umbrella nets) were used to monitor beetle populations at Grubbenvorst. The small yew beetle (O. ovatus) is active during the day, while the large yew beetle (O. sulcatus) is active at night. Solutions of parasitic nematodes (such as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) are efficace to control larvae.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,"Blueberry",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","Not about vine weevil control","Scheepmaker, J. W. A.; Butt, T. M.",2010,"Natural and released inoculum levels of entomopathogenic fungal biocontrol agents in soil in relation to risk assessment and in accordance with EU regulations","Biocontrol Science and Technology","Journal Article",20,5,"503-552","Entomopathogenic fungi being developed as biological control agents (BCAs) may have the potential to spread and become established in the environment. For registration purposes, the risks concerning their persistence have to be evaluated according to EU legislation which requires the decline of BCAs to acceptable background levels unless related risks are acceptable. In order to deal with this requirement, applicants of a BCA need to give information on its persistence and natural background levels. For risk assessors and registration authorities guidance on how to evaluate data on natural background levels of indigenously occurring species (= same species as the introduced BCA) is needed. For this purpose, an overview is presented on background levels of some indigenous fungi as well as persistence data of some applied fungal BCAs. Data were restricted to commerical species. It was found that for the species Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii natural densities were relatively low and introduced strains of these fungi decreased gradually in time. Many factors were found in the literature, such as intrinsic, edaphic, biotic, climatic, and cultural factors, that could explain this decline."]
["x",null,null,"Scherer, W.",1987,"Control of the black vine weevil in field strawberries. / Bekämpfung des gefurchten dickmaulrüsslers in freiland-erdbeeren","Obstbau","Journal Article",12,5,"225-227","The nematode Heterorhabditis heliothidis applied to field strawberries at 0.5 or 1.0 million/m² on 23 May 1985 and 3 June 1986 reduced the Otiorhynchus sulcatus population by &gt; 90% in both years compared with untreated controls. A moist soil and temperatures above 12°C were required for good control.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Scherer, W.",1987,"Control of the larvae of the black vine weevil. / Bekämpfung der larven des gefurchten dickmaulrüsslers","Obstbau","Journal Article",12,5,"228-230","In a 2-year investigation on the control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus in field strawberries (cv. Elvira), Tamaron [methamidophos] at 0.1%, Nexit stark [unspecified] at 0.04% and E605 forte [parathion] at 0.1%, applied twice in April or May at 10-day intervals at 500 ml/m row, reduced the pest populations by 75-77%, 62-65% and 54-60%, respectively, compared with untreated controls.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":14},"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Schirocki, A. G.; Hague, N. G. M.",1996,"The effect of low temperature on survival of Steinernema carpocapsae in Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"101-105",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Schirocki, A.; Hague, N. G. M.",1994,"The effect of temperature on the susceptibility of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus to different isolates of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",17,3,"61-64","Temperature profiles were obtained for 2 isolates of Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL and UK) and 2 isolates of Heterorhabditis (Nemasys-H and Fightagrub) against late-instar larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus. Efficacy was clearly delineated for each isolate as: S. carpocapsae 14-33°C; Nemasys-H 14-28°C; and Fightagrub 14-33°C. This paper was presented at the 4th general meeting of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group 'Insect pathogens and insect parasitic nematodes' held in Zurich, Switzerland, on 5-9 September 1993.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Schirocki, A.; Hague, N. G. M.",1997,"Evaluation of UK Heterorhabditids and Steinernematids for the control of the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus)","Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars supplement to Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",130,null,"46-47",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","Not about vine weevil control","Schmelz, E. A.; Grebenok, R. J.; Galbraith, D. W.; Bowers, W. S.",1999,"Insect-induced synthesis of phytoecdysteroids in spinach, Spinacia oleracea","Journal of Chemical Ecology","Journal Article",25,8,"1739-1757","Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) foliage is known to synthesize and accumulate insect molting hormones, predominantly in the form of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). We previously demonstrated that root 20E accumulation is increased following root damage. We designed two further experiments to address root responses to both mechanical and insect damage. In plants grown hydroponically, removal of 35% or less of the root mass did not result in changes in root 20E levels. However, removal of 70% of the root mass stimulated 6.0- and 1.5-fold increases in the root and shoot 20E concentrations, respectively. The effects of insect damage on soil-grown plants were investigated by infesting plant roots with black vine weevil (BVW: Otiorhynchus sulcatus) larvae and allowing them to feed for seven days. Decreases in root mass occurred in young plants; however, no changes were detected in mature plants. In all cases, root herbivory resulted in at least a 3.0-fold increase in root 20E concentrations. Our previous experiments implicated jasmonic acid and the analog methyl jasmonate (MJ) in signaling the damage-induced accumulation of root 20E levels. We investigated the activity of other phytohormones and growth regulators (GRs) on the 20E accumulation patterns of young plants as a means of examining the significance of jasmonates in the induction response. Hydroponic additions of MJ (0.5 mu M) and the synthetic auxin, l-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0.5 mu M), resulted in significant increases in root 20E levels. At the concentrations tested, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA(3)), abscisic acid (ABA), and trans-zeatin (Z) had no effects on root 20E concentrations. However, both NAA (0.5-5.0 mu M) and Z (5.0 mu M) treatments caused increases in the root/sheet dry mass ratios, indicating shifts in resource allocation to the roots. Treatments involving ABA (5.0 mu M) and Z (0.5-5.0 mu M) caused significant increases in shoot 20E concentrations. No other hormone treatments altered shoot accumulation patterns. The mechanisms underlying the root 20E induction phenomena were investigated through the incorporation of [2-C-14]mevalonic acid ([C-14]MVA). Within one day, excised roots readily incorporated radioactivity into 20E from [C-14]MVA. In intact plants, [C-14]MVA absorbed by the roots was rapidly incorporated into root 20E pools following damage and MJ treatments. This implies that the wound-induced root 20E accumulation is the result of increased de novo 20E synthesis in the root."]
["x",null,null,"Schread, J. C.",1972,"The black vine weevil",null,"Generic",null,null,"8","The history, injuriousness, biology and control of Otiorhynchus (Brachyrhinus) sulcatus (F.), a pest of Taxus and hemlock [Tsuga] (especially in nurseries), in Connecticut are described. In two field tests on Taxus densiformis in 1964-65, 72% chlordane and 25% endosulfan were tested in sprays at dilutions of 0.25-2 pt/100 gal water against the weevil. Chlordane afforded virtually complete control but endosulfan was slightly less effective. In a test on infested rhododendron cuttings in greenhouse in 1970-71, diazinon applied as a drench afforded control.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,"x",null,null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x"]
[null,"x","No paper/abstract","Schruft, G.",1975,"The problems of integrated control in viticulture. / Problematik eines integrierten pflanzenschutzes im weinbau",null,"Generic",null,null,"37-42","In a list of the pests and diseases of grapevines in West Germany that at present call for the largest number of chemical control measures, the major arthropod pests are given as Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hb.) (Clysia ambiguella) and Lobesia botrana (Schiff.) (Polychrosis botrana), Sparganothis pilleriana (Schiff.) and Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the minor ones as Calepitrimerus vitis (Nal.), Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) and Byctiscus betulae (L.). The prospects for integrated control are discussed."]
[null,"x","Not about vine weevil ","Scott, M.",1994,"Vine weevil: phytotoxicity screening of suSCon green in different growing media",null,"Generic"]
["x",null,null,"Sellenschlo, U.",1984,"The vine weevil (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (F., 1775) (Col, Curc.)), a dangerous pest of ornamental plants. / Der gefurchte dickmaulrüssler (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (F., 1775) (Col, Curc.)), ein gefürchteter schädling an zierpflanzen","Praktische Schädlingsbekämpfer","Journal Article",36,2,"22-24","The morphology, biology, harmfulness and control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus, a serious pest of ornamental plants in the German Federal Republic and elsewhere, are outlined. Since aldrin has been prohibited for its control, other compounds such as Curaterr [a granular formulation of carbofuran] have been tested but are not as effective as aldrin. The use of compounds such as the nematicide prophos [ethoprophos] has resulted in the destruction of the natural enemies of the pest and a consequent increase in its population; however, promising results have been obtained with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. In house plants, eggs and larvae can be removed by changing the soil in the pot and washing the roots thoroughly.","x","x",null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Shah, F. A.; Ansari, M. A.; Prasad, M.; Butt, T. M.",2007,"Evaluation of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) control strategies using Metarhizium anisopliae with sublethal doses of insecticides in disparate horticultural growing media","Biological Control","Journal Article",40,2,"246-252","Metarhizium anisopliae V275 was efficacious against black vine weevil when used alone or in combination with sublethal doses of imidacloprid or fipronil. Both control strategies were effective in peat, coir, bark and peat blends with composted green waste. M. anisopliae can be applied as drench or premixed into growing media. The former gave marginally better control. Over 98% control was achieved when M. anisopliae was applied with 1/10 dilution (sublethal rates) of fipronil. Marginally lower control was achieved when M. anisopliae was used with 1/100 dilution (sublethal rate) of imidacloprid. However, the latter combination gave better control than imidacloprid used at the recommended rate. More conidia were recovered from larvae exposed to sublethal doses of fipronil than imidacloprid and may explain the higher pest control since mortality is dose-related. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Shah, F. A.; Gaffney, M.; Ansari, M. A.; Prasad, M.; Butt, T. M.",2008,"Neem seed cake enhances the efficacy of the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of black vine weevil, Otiorhynuchs sulcatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)","Biological Control","Journal Article",44,1,"111-115","Neem seed cake enhanced the efficacy of the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae for control of black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynuchs sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae in out door potted Euonymus plants. Both M. anisopliae and neem seed cake alone were effective against earlier instar larvae with the degree of control being dose dependant. Significantly higher conidial attachment was observed on larvae recovered from pots treated with combined application of M. anisopliae and neem seed cake (5 g/l of peat) suggesting that the neem seed cake increased larval movement and the subsequent acquisition of conidia. At higher concentration of neem seed cake (5 g/l), few BVW larvae survived whereas larvae recovered from neem treated pots (0.5 or 2.5 g/l) were less than half in body size and weight to that of untreated control suggesting that neem acts as growth regulator. Incorporation of neem seed cake or M. anisopliae in potting media did not influence adult BVW feeding or oviposition. Since neem. seed cake products are considered safer than synthetic insecticides, the interactions we describe could easily be exploited to control insect pests in situations where no synthetic insecticides are permitted. Furthermore, enhanced efficacy of M. anisopliae at 100-fold lower doses (1 x 10(8) conidia/l of peat) in combination with neem seed cake would greatly benefit the grower by reducing the cost of the fungal BCA. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",null,null,"x",null,"x",null,null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,"x",null,null,"x",null,"x","x"]
[null,"x","Not about vine weevil","Shah, F. A.; Greig, C.; Hutwimmer, S.; Strasser, H.; Dyson, P.; Carlile, B.; Butt, T. M.",2010,"Evaluation of the effects of the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae on microbial populations of disparate plant growing media","Fungal Ecology","Journal Article",3,3,"185-194","Amending plant growing media with biocontrol agents is becoming an increasingly popular strategy for protecting plants against insect pests and diseases. Although this practice offers potential for pest and disease control, very little is known about the influence of introduced microbes on the indigenous microbial communities and vice versa. This study examines fungal and bacterial community structures of diverse horticultural growing media and evaluates their interactions with a plant Euonymus fortunei and/or the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Complementary physiological (Biolog(TM)) and molecular (automated ribosomal intergenic space analysis - ARISA) techniques were applied to analyse community structure and diversity over 1 yr. These studies clearly showed distinct microbial communities in different plant growing media. Irrespective of media or any treatment, initial microbial diversity was very low but increased significantly over 1 yr. A succession of new fungal and bacterial species was observed, with species originally present being displaced. This succession led to the establishment of distinct microbial community structures for each medium over 6-12 months. ARISA studies showed that bacterial and fungal community profiles were influenced by the presence of plant and M. anisopliae, but in complex ways depending on the medium. Certain microbes were specifically associated or inhibited by the presence of M. anisopliae and/or E. fortunei. Physiological studies, however, showed that neither M. anisopliae nor plant had any significant effect on the communities' ability to decomposition a batch of carbon sources. Although diverse microbial communities were observed in different media, none of these communities influenced the efficacy of M. anisopliae. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved."]
["x",null,null,"Shanks, C. H.",1979,"Granular carbofuran for black vine weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) control in non-flooded cranberry bogs","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",72,1,"55-56",null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,null,"x","x",null,"Cranberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Shanks, C. H.",1980,"Strawberry and yew as hosts of black vine weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) and effects on oviposition and development of progeny","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",9,5,"530-532",{"$nulls":18},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Strawberry & Ornamental",null,null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","No paper/abstract","Shanks, C. H. Jr; Finnigan, B. F.",1973,"Temperature and relative humiditiy effects on eggs and 1st stage larvae of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",2,5,"855-858"]
[null,"x","No paper/abstract","Shanks, C. H., Jr.",1991,"Root weevils of berry crops",null,"Generic",null,null,"3","Notes are provided in this revised bulletin on the biology, injuriousness and control of Otiorhynchus ovatus, O. rugosostriatus, O. sulcatus, Nemocestes incomptus and Sciopithes obscurus on small fruits (strawberries, raspberries, blueberries and cranberries [Vaccinium]) in Washington State."]
["x",null,null,"Shanks, C. H.; Agudelo-Silva, F.",1990,"Field pathogenicity and persistence of Heterorhabditid and Steinernematid nematodes (Nematoda) infecting black vine weevil larvae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in cranberry bogs","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",83,1,"107-110",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,"Cranberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Shanks, C. H.; Chamberlain, J. D.",1988,"Effect of Taxus foliage and extract on the toxicity of some pyrethroid insecticides to adult black vine weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",81,1,"98-101",null,"x",{"$nulls":6},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Strawberry & Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Shanks, C. H.; Chase, D. L.; Chamberlain, J. D.",1984,"Resistance of clones of wild strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis, to adult Otiorhynchus sulcatus and Otiorhynchus ovatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",13,4,"1042-1045",{"$nulls":5},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Strawberry",null,"x",null,null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Shanks, C. H.; Doss, R. P.",1986,"Black vine weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) feeding and oviposition on leaves of weevil-resistant and weevil susceptible strawberry clones presented in various quantities","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",15,5,"1074-1077",{"$nulls":5},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","Strawberry",null,"x",null,null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Shanks, C. H.; Doss, R. P.",1987,"Feeding responses by adults of 5 species of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) to sucrose and sterols","Annals of the Entomological Society of America","Journal Article",80,1,"41-46",{"$nulls":18},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Shanks, C. H.; Finnigan, B.",1973,"Artitifical diet for Otiorhynchus sulcatus Coleoptera Curculionidae larvae","Annals of the Entomological Society of America","Journal Article",66,5,"1164-1166",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Shanks, C. H.; Finnigan, B. F.",1971,"Development of thoracic legs on black vine weevil Coleoptera-Curculionidae larvae fed on a powdered milk diet","Annals of the Entomological Society of America","Journal Article",64,6,"1340-&",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Shapiro-Ilan, D. I.; Lewis, E. E.; Son, Y.; Tedders, W. L.",2003,"Superior efficacy observed in entomopathogenic nematodes applied in infected-host cadavers compared with application in aqueous suspension","Journal of Invertebrate Pathology","Journal Article",83,3,"270-272","Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes applied in aqueous suspensions with application in infected cadavers. One experiment targeted the diaprepes root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus with Heterorhabditis indica and the other targeted the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus with H. bacteriophora. Entomopathogenic nematode application in infected cadavers were more effective than nematode application in aqueous suspensions in all cases. The increased efficacy observed in the cadaver applications may have been due to the additional physiological stress in the aqueous application (during temporary storage in water or upon application). Superior efficacy in the cadaver application might also have been due to compounds in the infected host cadaver that can enhance nematode infectivity.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Shearer, P. W.",1999,"Considerations for using insecticidal nematodes to control root weevils on strawberry",null,"Generic",null,null,null,"Insecticidal nematodes can effectively control root weevils (including Otiorhynchus ovatus, O. rugosostriatus and O. sulcatus) infesting strawberry plantings. They can easily be applied to the crop using various kinds of spray equipment and through irrigation systems. Insecticidal nematodes can also be applied directly onto the straw mulch used in some strawberry production systems, thus, eliminating the need to remove then reapply straw to the crop during treatments against root weevil larvae.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,null,"x","x",null,"x","x",null,"x","x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Sherman, H.",1985,"Hairy leaves may offend insects","Agricultural Research, USA","Journal Article",33,6,"4","Research is reported in Oregon on resistance in strawberry plants to root weevils, which have become more abundant and more injurious since the pesticides used to control them were banned in 1974. One particularly resistant species of strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis, had unusually hairy lower leaf surfaces, which were found to be correlated with resistance to the black vine weevil [Otiorhynchus sulcatus]. Experiments are in progress to determine why leaf hairiness inhibits feeding by curculionids and whether this resistance factor can be introduced into commercial strawberries.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","Strawberry",{"$nulls":7},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Simons, W. R.",1981,"Biological control of Otiorrhynchus sulcatus with Heterorhabditis nematodes in the glasshouse","Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology","Journal Article",87,4,"149-158","Heterorhabditis sp. found in dead larvae of O. sulcatus, was tested for its efficacy as a biological control agent of this insect in glasshouse experiments. In a preliminary test all weevil larvae were killed in pots with primula, 88% in strawberry and 50% in cyclamen. In a 2nd test with strawberry plants good results were obtained when the nematodes were applied at about the hatching time of the weevil eggs. At a dosage of 100 nematodes/cm2 of soil area, 90-97% of the larvae were killed and 90% of the plants remained undamaged. A dosage of 50 nematodes/cm2 produced roughly the same level of larval mortality, but left 30% of the plants damaged. Both early and late application of nematodes protected the plants insufficiently, becaues too many larvae survived. In a 3rd test with strawberry, cyclamen and primula, soil treatment and 50 and 100 nematodes/cm2 gave comparable results at both application times, i.e., 1 and 3 wk after hatching of the weevil eggs. In strawberry 100% of the larvae were killed and all plants remained in good condition. Also in cyclamen nearly all larvae were killed and the plants remained in good condition, although the root systems had less fine roots in comparison with control plants without insects. In primula 4-12% of the weevil larvae survived; up to 20% of the plants died, indicating that soil structure, soil moisture and condition of the plants have an important impact on the control results. A dosage of 25 nematodes/cm2 appeared to be too low in all cases. The results of these experiments open new perspectives for control of the black vine weevil in glasshouses.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry & Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Simpson, D. W.; Bell, J. A.; Hammond, K. J.; Whitehouse, A. B.",2002,"The latest strawberry cultivars from Horticulture Research International","Acta Horticulturae","Journal Article",null,"567(Vol.1)","165-168","Since 1996 HRI East Malling has released five new strawberry cultivars, four are June-bearing and one is everbearing. Bolero (1996) is an everbearer that crops from August to October. The berries are firm with a bright, attractive colour, regular shape, glossy skin and good shelf life. Plants are vigorous and moderately resistant to Verticillium dahliae and Phytophthora cactorum, Florence (1997) is a mid-late June-bearer. Plants are productive and the berries are large and firm with a deep red colour and sweet flavour. Florence has useful levels of resistance to Sphaerotheca macularis, V. dahliae and P. cactorum and some tolerance to Otiorhynchus sulcatus. Sophie (1997) is a late June-bearer with the same fruiting period as Pandora. Plants are vigorous, very productive and do not require a pollinator cultivar. The berries are attractive with a regular shape, strong red colour and glossy skin finish. Rosie (1999) is an early June-bearer, cropping 7-10 days before Elsanta. Plants are moderately vigorous and the berries are large with a very regular conical shape. The fruit has a strong red colour, glossy skin finish and a sweet, aromatic flavour. Alice (2000) is a mid-late June-bearer with a long season. Harvesting typically begins 7 days after Elsanta but continues for approximately 2 weeks after Elsanta has finished. Plants are moderately vigorous and productive with large fruit size. The berries are firm with an orange red colour and sweet flavour. Alice has some resistance to V. dahliae and P. cactorum.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":17},"x","Strawberry","x"]
["x",null,"Little info in abstract","Smale, P. E.",1974,"Black currant: black vine weevil control","New Zealand Commercial Grower","Journal Article",29,7,"8","Of several insecticides compared for the control of black currant weevil [Otiorhynchus sulcatus] the best results were obtained with carbofuran.","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":14},"Blackcurrant"]
["x",null,"review","Smith, F. F.",1932,"Biology and control of the black vine weevil","Technical Bulletin United States Department of Agriculture Washington","Journal Article",null,325,"45 pp.-45 pp.",null,"x","x",null,"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"x","x","Ornamental",null,null,null,"x","x",null,"x","x","x","x","x"]
[null,"x","Not about vine weevil","Snook, M. E.; Data, E. S.; Kays, S. J.",1994,"Characterization and quantitation of hexadecyl, octadecyl, and eicosyl esters of P-coumaric acid in the vine and root latex of sweet-potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam]","Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","Journal Article",42,11,"2589-2595","Methanol extracts of vine latex of four cultivars of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] were analyzed for their chemical phenolic composition by reversed-phase HPLC. Major components were identified as hexadecyl, octadecyl, and eicosyl p-coumarates by an evaluation of data from UV spectra, hydrolysis, synthesis, and GC/MS of their trimethylsilyl derivatives. Both Z- and E-isomers of the phenolic acid were found, with the latter predominating. Trace quantities of hexadecyl (Z)- and (E)-ferulates were also identified in ester concentrates. Levels of octadecyl (E)-p-coumarate ranged from 0.7% fresh weight in cv. Resisto to almost 2% in cv. Jewel, while the hexadecyl ester levels were only 1/4 to 1/3 these values. Levels of the Z-esters were 1/10 to 1/20 of the levels of the corresponding E-isomers. Levels of the esters in cv. Jewel sweetpotato root latex were 2-10-fold the levels in the vine latex, while the ratio of E-esters to Z-esters was found to be 7-14-fold. The concentration of Z-esters among the sweetpotato cultivars tested correlated closely with the leaf feeding index for the sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius) (R(2): C-20 = 0.96; C-18 = 0.98; C-16 = 0.71). The results indicate a possible relationship between latex chemistry and insect resistance that might be exploited via plant breeding."]
["x",null,null,"Soares, G. G.; Marchal, M.; Ferron, P.",1983,"Susceptibility of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) larvae to Metarhizium anisopliae and Metarhizium flavoviride (Deuteromycotina, Hyphomycetes) at 2 different temperatures","Environmental Entomology","Journal Article",12,6,"1886-1890",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,"Foreign","Sol, R.",1981,"The behaviour of Otiorrhynchus sulcatus F. (Col. Curc.) during oviposition in the laboratory. / Zum verhalten von Otiorrhynchus sulcatus F. (Col. Curc.) bei der eiablage im laboratorium","Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie","Journal Article",3,null,"291-293","Laboratory studies were carried out in the German Federal Republic to determine whether sand, the natural oviposition substrate of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), could be replaced by a different substrate, since the eggs were difficult to count in sand, and to determine the time of oviposition. Activated charcoal filters with fibrous edges, on which the counting of eggs was easy, was found to be a suitable substitute for sand. Most eggs were laid after nightfall and oviposition decreased towards morning; oviposition was delayed by disturbance during this period.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x"]
["x",null,"Foreign","Sol, R.",1985,"Diflubenzuron Dimilin 25 WP for the control of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus Coleoptera Curculionidae","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Universiteit Gent","Journal Article",50,"2 PART A","457-462",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x"]
["x",null,"Foreign","Sol, R.",1991,"Egg production and lifespan of the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) under laboratory conditions. / De eierproduktie en de levensduur van de gegroefde lapsnuitkever (taxuskever) (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) onder laboratoriumomstandigheden","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent","Journal Article",56,"3b","1041-1046","In laboratory and greenhouse studies since 1975, oviposition by Otiorhynchus sulcatus was quite high with Cissus rhombifolia as a diet, but even higher with Taxus baccata. Adults usually lived for 2 years, but with T. baccata as a food plant some reached 4 years. Oviposition continued without interruption in the laboratory, but in the greenhouse the weevil entered diapause in autumn.",{"$nulls":17},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"Ornamental",null,null,null,"x","x"]
[null,"x","No abstract","Sol, R.",1993,"Mailing weevil eggs as result of long-term (1970-1990) breeding of Otiorhynchus sulcatus F (Col Curc)","Communications of the Deutschen Gesellschaft Fur Allgemeine Und Angewandte Entomologie, Vol 8, Pts 4-6: Proceedings of the Entomologists Meeting","Journal Article",8,null,"855-859"]
["x",null,"target- eggs as well","Solomon, M. G.",1997,"Predation on vine weevil in soft fruit plantations",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x","x",null,null,"x","x","Soft fruit","x"]
["x",null,null,"Solomon, M. G.",2000,"Biology and biocontrol of vine weevil (in soft fruit plantations)",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x","x",null,"x",null,"x","Soft fruit",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Son, Y.; Lewis, E. E.",2005,"Modelling temperature-dependent development and survival of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",7,3,"201-209","1 We conducted a laboratory experiment to quantify the stage-specific effects of temperature on development time and survival of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a serious economic pest of horticultural crops. Quantification of the relationship between stage development and temperature is required to predict seasonal occurrence of particular life stages and to optimize the timing of monitoring and control tactics. 2 Temperature-dependent survival rate was quantified using an extreme value function and showed a skewed bell shape, due to the vulnerability of the insect to high temperature in all stages. 3 The development times of O. sulcatus decreased with increasing temperature up to 27 degrees C for eggs and 24 degrees C for larvae and pupae. The nonlinear relationship between development rate and temperature was described using the Logan model, and enabled us to estimate the optimum temperature for development. 4 The inherent variation of development time was estimated from the cumulative frequency of stage emergence, which was modelled using the cumulative Weibull function. 5 The stage emergence model, which simulated the transition from one stage to the next in relation to temperature and cohort age, was constructed by incorporating stage-specific survival and development rate submodels with the Weibull model of stage frequency. 6 Our results show a difference in optimal temperature regime among developmental stages of O. sulcatus.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Son, Y.; Lewis, E. E.",2005,"Effects of temperature on the reproductive life history of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus","Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","Journal Article",114,1,"15-24","Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the most serious pests of horticultural crops but despite this, the effects of temperature on its reproduction are not fully understood. This study investigates the effects of temperature on the full set of reproductive traits of O. sulcatus at nine temperatures between 11 and 36 degreesC and develops descriptive models for each trait. Cohorts of newly eclosed adults were subjected to these temperatures and fed on Rhododendron spec. leaves. Adults oviposited at temperatures from 11 to 27 degreesC. Significant differences among treatments were found in the preoviposition period, oviposition period, longevity, per capita egg production, and egg viability. The preoviposition period was the shortest at 24 degreesC and the longest at 11 degreesC. With a non-linear model fitted to the data across the full range of experimental temperatures, the lower and upper threshold temperatures and optimum temperature for reproductive maturation were estimated to be 6.8, 30.0, and 22.7 degreesC, respectively. The developmental threshold and calculated thermal constant were estimated to be 6.7 degreesC and 505.0 degree-days, respectively, using a linear model at temperatures between 11 and 21 degreesC. Maximum per capita egg production (1094.1 eggs) and highest egg viability (90.1%) were both observed at 21 degreesC. The median longevity of O. sulcatus adults in the 18-36 degreesC range decreased linearly as temperatures increased. At 27 degreesC or above, the reproductive success of O. sulcatus was substantially impaired, and the optimum temperature range was 21-22 degreesC. Production of viable eggs in relation to temperature and weevil age was simulated by incorporating four models of life history traits, including egg production, egg viability, cumulative pattern of egg production, and adult survival. Overall, the present study demonstrates that temperature is a key factor in determining the reproductive success of O. sulcatus adults. We hypothesize that temperature may influence the phenology and geographic distribution of O. sulcatus populations.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Ornamental",null,null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Son, Y.; Luckhart, S.; Zhang, X.; Lieber, M. J.; Lewis, E. E.",2008,"Effects and implications of antibiotic treatment on Wolbachia-infected vine weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",10,2,"147-155","1 The parthenogenetic weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus was collected from five geographical locations in the U.S.A. All weevils from each location were infected by Wolbachia belonging to supergroup B. 2 We hypothesized that treatment with tetracycline, which has been used to clear Wolbachia infection, would influence the reproduction of Wolbachia-infected parthenogenetic O. sulcatus females. Tetracycline treatment of preovipositional O. sulcatus females specifically inhibited egg hatching but had no effect relative to controls on any other physiological trait. 3 Treatment with gentamicin, which reportedly has no effect on Wolbachia infection but is indistinguishable from tetracycline in inhibiting protein synthesis of other bacterial genera, did not influence egg hatching. 4 These findings strongly suggest that the inhibition of egg development results from the antibiotic effect on Wolbachia rather than by direct toxic effects on O. sulcatus physiology. 5 We speculate that Wolbachia may be necessary for normal development of O. sulcatus eggs and discuss the implications of these findings for O. sulcatus ecology.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x",null,null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","Little info in abstract","Sprick, Peter",2009,"Monitoring of weevils in nurseries, Perennial horticulture and Hop gardens - Results of the First study year (2008)","Mitteilungen Der Deutschen Gesellschaft Fur Allgemeine Und Angewandte Entomologie, Band 17","Book Section",17,null,"197-205","Survey of weevils in tree nurseries. horticultural and hop cultivation farms in Germany results of 2008. Soil-dwelling weevils (Col., Curculionidae) are a main point of emphasis in a project promoted by BMELV that is dealing with the current relevance or soil pests. It is focussed on polyphagous species incapable of flight and that have a concealed life. Among these species, there are several harmful species, best known is Otiorhynchus sulcatus, the black vine weevil. The survey was carried out in more than 40 farms in different climate and soil regions of Germany. hi the first year of the investigation, 31 species were identified. Depending on their harmfulness. it is aimed to develop methods for pest control with special attention to entomopathogenic nematodes and fungal antagonists. For the testing procedure. it is necessary to provide a sufficient number of eggs (or larvae). Thus, many species were kept in boxes and numbers of deposited eggs were counted. Weevils from the field were dissected and eggs were counted, too. The occurrence of teneral adults was recorded. The phenological data show that life cycles of soil-dwelling weevils belong to at least 7 types (preliminary result). Otiorhynchus salicicola, first record in Germany published in 2006, was found M several farms and plantations. Its harmfulness is similar as in O. sulcatus. Further relevant species are O. ligustici (mainly in hop cultivations on dry sandy soils), O. crataegi. O. singularis and several other Otiorhynchus species, occasionally members of other genera. A marked increase was stated concerning introduction and new colonisation of species during the last 10-15 years. A considerable proportion of these species are Neozoic (non-native). Parascythopus exsulans was found in Germany for the first time."]
[null,"x","Little info in abstract","Stäubli, A.; Vallotton, R.; Klingler, J.; Höhn, H.",1989,"Nematodes and soil pests of small fruits. / Nematodes et ravageurs du sol chez les petits fruits","Revue Suisse de Viticulture, d'Arboriculture et d'Horticulture","Journal Article",21,2,"107-108","This is part of a guide to the control of pests and diseases of small fruits in Switzerland. Notes are provided on the recognition, biology and control of the nematodes Aphelenchoides fragariae, A. ritzemabosi, Ditylenchus dipsaci and Xiphinema diversicaudatum and the insects (on strawberries) Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Melolontha melolontha and Agriotes spp. The action of X. diversicaudatum as a vector of arabis mosaic virus (AMV) in strawberries is discussed and the damage caused by nematodes to strawberries is illustrated in colour photographs."]
["x",null,null,"Steiner, W. A.",1996,"Melanization of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev and S. kraussei Steiner in larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.)","Fundamental and Applied Nematology","Journal Article",19,1,"67-70","The present study showed that late instar (L 4-6) Otiorhynchus sulcatus can encapsulate and melanize invasive juveniles (IJ) of Steinernema feltiae and S. kraussei that enter their digestive tracts. Dissection of O. sulcatus larvae, exposed at 9 degrees C to nematode isolates found in the Swiss Alps, revealed up to nine melanized IJ in the mid-gut region. Encapsulation of IJ occurred exclusively in insect larvae that they died from the nematode treatment. The observed immune response in O. sulcatus larvae is therefore unimportant for the infectivity of S. kraussei and S. feltiae at 9 degrees C. The potential influence of temperature on both the host's immune system and the bacterium/nematode complex is discussed.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Steiner, W. A.",1996,"Dispersal and host-finding ability of entomopathogenic nematodes at low temperatures","Nematologica","Journal Article",42,2,"243-261","To enhance the control of sedentary, subterranean insect pest species like Otiorhynchus sulcatus, 19 new alpine isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes were screened for infectivity at 9 degrees C. For this purpose, nematode dispersal was studied in the presence of late instar Galleria mellonella and O. sulcatus, using a T-tube choice system filled with moist sand. For each isolate five characteristics were recorded: migration rate, average distance travelled, host-finding ability, parasitisation rate, and invasion rate. As expected, most isolates accumulated in the host compartments. The rank sum of the isolates, calculated according to the ranks attained for each of the five characteristics, classified seven Steinernema kraussei before the first S. feltiae. However, no single isolate was clearly the most infective. Steinernema sp. 1. Heterorhabditis CH-H-FLU91, and the commercially available S. feltiae OBS III yielded lowest scores. They are considered unsuitable control agents al low temperatures. The locomotory activity of the nematodes in dispersal assays with G. mellonella was significantly correlated with their efficacy at 8.5+/-1 degrees C against O. sulcatus in pot experiments. This indicates that T-tube choice experiments as performed in this study represent a meaningful tool for selecting cold-active nematodes. In supplementary dispersal experiments with larvae of Melolontha melolontha, biological control-performance of the four nematode species tested was meagre.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry","x"]
["x",null,null,"Stenseth, C.",1972,"Control of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, on strawberries. / Bekjempelse av veksthussnutebille (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) pa jordbaer","Gartneryrket","Journal Article",62,11,"192-192, 194","Effective control of weevil damage to strawberries in autumn was obtained by treating the soil in autumn at the start of egg-laying. Materials recommended are chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, lindane and trichloronate; diazinon may be used but only when the soil is damp. Spraying against adults needed less labour, but more study is needed to devize the best method of control.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":12},"x","x","Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Stenseth, C.",1976,"Some aspects of the biology of Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (Col., Curculionidae). / Undersoekelse av enkelte sider ved veksthussnutebillens, Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), biologi","Forskning og Forsoek i Landbruket","Journal Article",27,null,"133-144","Field and laboratory studies in Norway on Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), which has become a serious pest of strawberry crops there in recent years, showed that adults emerged between mid-June and mid-August and oviposition began in late July or early August and continued until about the end of September. Most individuals overwintered in the larval stage, pupating from late May in the field; a few adult females overwintered, oviposited the following May-June, and died in June-July. In the insectary, overwintering females survived well and oviposited until the autumn. Larvae hatching from eggs laid in spring overwintered together with those hatching from eggs laid later in the season. In the laboratory at 21 deg C, the eggs hatched in 10-15 days and adults emerged 120-162 days later.The adults fed most actively during the preoviposition and early oviposition period. The findings are discussed in relation to control. Treatments against the larvae are best applied in mid-August and those against the adults just after the crop has been picked, but before oviposition begins in early August.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,"x","x","x","Strawberry",null,null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Stenseth, C.",1979,"Effects of temperature on development of Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Annals of Applied Biology","Journal Article",91,2,"179-185",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,null,"x","x","Strawberry",null,null,null,"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Stenseth, C.",1979,"Root weevils on strawberry. / Rotsnutebiller pa jordbaer","Gartneryrket","Journal Article",69,9,"231-233","Various species of Otiorhynchus attack strawberry in Denmark. The commonest are O. sulcatus (F.), O. ovatus (L.), O. nodosus (O.F. Mull.) (dubius Strom)) and others. The authors review the life-history of O. sulcatus and O. ovatus with respect to control. Males are rare, and the females therefore lay their egss without pairing. The eggs are laid on or in the soil, and the larvae feed on the plant roots. The last-instar larvae do not feed but construct soil chambers in which putation takes place. O. sulcatus oviposits after periods varying from 3 to 9 weeks, and the females then lay up to 1500 eggs each in 3 oviposition periods each lasting about 70-80 days, provided that the temperature does not fall below 12 deg C. Complete development lasts 120-162 days at 21 deg C. The weevil thus has a 1- or a 2-year life-cycle. O. ovatus develops similarly, but is less well known. A figure is given to facilitate identification of the various stages of these 2 very similar species. Control is discussed. In principal, strawberries should not be grown in succession. If an insecticide is required, 0.05% azinphos-methyl should be applied against the adults. In various watering treatments against the larvae, lindane and chlorfenvinphos gave the best results.","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":12},"x","x","Strawberry",null,null,null,"x","x",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Stenseth, C.",1987,"Cold hardiness in the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. Coleoptera Curculionidae","Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences","Journal Article",1,1,"41-44","Investigating the capacity of adults and larval stages of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) to survive at + 2.degree.C, -3.degree.C and -6.degree.C revealed that the larvae were better able to survive sub-zero temperatures than the adults. The LT90 at -3.degree.C for adults and larvae was 30 days and 90 days, respectively. At -6.degree.C, both adults and larvae had an LT90 of about 9 days. The significance of winter temperature for the distribution of O. sulcatus in Norway is discussed.",{"$nulls":17},"x",null,null,null,"x","x","Strawberry",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Stenseth, C.; Vik, J.",1979,"The effect of black polythene mulch on the development of Otiorrhynchus sulcatus on strawberry plants. / Veksthussnutebillens (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) utvikling pa jordbaer plantet pa jord med eller uten svart plastfolie",null,"Generic",69,null,"912-914","Strawberry plants in experimental plots in Norway with and without black polyethylene mulch were infested with females of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) on 2 August, and the weevil populations were counted in June and July the following year. With the mulch, the population increased by 17.4 times, while without mulch there was no increase. All the plots with mulch were naturally infested by O. ovatus (L.); the population averaged 6.9 weevils/plant, as compared with 0.5 weevils/plant for no mulch. The conditions with black polyethylene mulch that are favourable to O. sulcatus are discussed.",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":15},"x","x","x","Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Stenzel, K.",1994,"Biological control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus with Metarhizium anisopliae","Acta Horticulturae","Journal Article",null,364,"143-144","The use of a formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae, BIO 1020, to control Otiorhynchus sulcatus is briefly described. This paper was presented at the 5th International Rhododendron Conference held on 18-24 May, 1992, in Bad Zwischenahn, Germany.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Stenzel, K.; Hölters, J.; Andersch, W.; Smit, T. A. M.",1992,"BIO 1020: granular Metarhizium - a new product for biocontrol of soil pests",null,"Generic",null,null,"363-368","A mycelial granular formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae (strain DSM 3884) was developed for use in horticulture. In trials, the granules were most effective when mixed into the soil at planting, or at potting, at an application rate of 1.0 g/litre of soil. After application, infectious spores formed on the granules. In greenhouse tests, the granular insecticide reduced the number of larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus on Rhododendron sp., Fuchsia sp., chrysanthemum, Begonia sp., Impatiens sp., Kalanchoe sp., Parthenocissus veitchii [P. tricuspidata], Euonymus sp. and Taxus sp. seedlings by an average of 80%. In trials under outdoor nursery conditions in 1989-91, granules and a premix of the insecticide achieved 74 and 81% control of the pest, resp., on Rhododendron sp., Taxus sp., Euonymus sp., Begonia sp., chrysanthemum and Fuchsia sp. This paper was presented at a conference on pests and diseases of crops held in Brighton, UK, on 23-26 November 1992.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Stewart, A.; Brownbridge, M.; Hill, R. A.; Jackson, T. A.",2010,"Utilizing soil microbes for biocontrol","Soil Microbiology and Sustainable Crop Production","Book"]
["x",null,null,"Stimmann, M. W.; Kaya, H. K.; Burlando, T. M.; Studdert, J. P.",1985,"Black vine weevil management in nursery plants","California Agriculture","Journal Article",39,null,"25-26","Otiorhynchus sulcatus, which was formerly best known as a grapevine pest, has caused severe losses of young plants of various woody and herbaceous species grown in nurseries, where the rich organic potting mixture used favours larval development. Greenhouse tests of acephate, carbofuran, chlordane, isofenphos and bendiocarb and also of the nematodes Heterorhabditis heliothidis and Neoaplectana carpocapsae for control of the larvae and pupae indicated that H. heliothidis gave the best control of older stages but was difficult to store. The large numbers of N. carpocapsae required for effective control (30 000 nematodes/plant pot) made their use rather expensive. Insecticides gave better control of the young than of the older larvae, but bendiocarb, the most effective, had phytotoxic effects on Euonymus and Escallonia. It is concluded that regular spring and summer monitoring of plants for adults at night, before the beginning of oviposition, and their control by means of acephate, applied 1-2 h after dark, would be the most effective and least expensive control method.","x",null,"x",null,null,"x",null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Susurluk, A.; Ehlers, R. U.",2008,"Sustainable control of black vine weevil larvae, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in strawberry","Biocontrol Science and Technology","Journal Article",18,6,"635-640","Efficacy, persistence and recovery of the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was tested in the laboratory after application of the nematode to strawberry roots by dipping. To mitigate nematode sedimentation and improve attachment to strawberry roots, carboxy-methyl-cellulose was added to the nematode solution. Mortality of black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus varied between 90 and 96% in the pot trials.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Swier, S. R.; Rollins, A.; Lamarche, R.; Hodgson, M.",1998,"Efficacy of talstar formulations and entomorphagous nematodes toward black vine weevil in potting media; 1997","Arthropod Management Tests","Journal Article",23,null,"341-341",null,"x",null,"x",null,null,"x","x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"Little info  - no abstract","Swier, S. R.; Rollins, A.; Nye, L.; Rodgers, V.; Johnson, A.",1999,"Efficacy of nematodes, talstar and lorsban for residual control of black vine weevil, 1998","Arthropod Management Tests","Journal Article",24,null,"77-78",null,"x",null,"x",null,null,"x",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Tanigoshi, L. K.; Bergen, J. R.",2002,"Managing root weevils in Washington State red raspberries","Proceedings of the Eighth International Rubus and Ribes Symposium, Vols 1 and 2","Book Section",null,null,"309-314","The black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) is the most common root weevil found on small fruit crops in Washington. Overwintering black vine weevils began laying eggs in the lab immediately after they were collected in late April. Productivity declined somewhat in mid-summer and then increased in late summer. Summer emerging adults collected in early June laid eggs about one month later at the onset of harvest. Daily oviposition was similar with both generations during the egg laying periods, but the average cumulative oviposition per weevil was greater with the overwintering adults due to a longer ovipositional period. Average fecundity of overwintering weevils was over 300 eggs per weevil and 170 eggs per summer emerging weevils. Laboratory trials support empirical observations that overwintering black vine weevils contribute a significant proportion to summer oviposition and in-field population increases over a prolonged period. Clay-colored weevil, O. singularis L., is a serious early season pest on red raspberry in Whatcom and Skagit counties in northwest Washington. The critical period for control is within a week or so of the first adult emergence from the soil, as weevils migrate into the canopy to begin feeding on buds and early fruiting lateral growth. Application of registered organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides, targeted to the lower third of the canes, is the preferred control tactic.",{"$nulls":22},"x","Raspberry",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Tanigoshi, L. K.; Chamberlain, J. D.",1997,"Root weevil control, 1996","Arthropod Management Tests","Journal Article",22,null,"388-388",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,null,null,"x","Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Tanigoshi, L. K.; Chamberlain, J. D.",1997,"Control of root weevil in red raspberry, 1996B","Arthropod Management Tests","Journal Article",22,null,"56-56",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x","Raspberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Tanigoshi, L. K.; Chamberlain, J. D.",1998,"Root weevil control on red raspberry, 1997","Arthropod Management Tests","Journal Article",23,null,"56-56",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x","Raspberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Tanigoshi, L. K.; Chamberlain, J. D.",1998,"Insecticide efficacy for root weevil on red raspberry, 1997","Arthropod Management Tests","Journal Article",23,null,"55-56",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x","Raspberry",null,null,"X"]
["x",null,null,"Tanigoshi, L. K.; Chamberlain, J. D.",1999,"Black vine weevil insecticide efficacy in strawberry, 1998","Arthropod Management Tests","Journal Article",24,null,"79-79",null,"x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x","x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x","Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Tanigoshi, L. K.; Chamberlain, J. D.",1999,"Root weevil insecticide efficacy in strawberry, 1998","Arthropod Management Tests","Journal Article",24,null,"78-79",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x","Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Tanigoshi, L. K.; Chamberlain, J. D.; Murray, T. A.",1997,"Root weevil control on red raspberry, 1996A","Arthropod Management Tests","Journal Article",22,null,"55-56",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x","Raspberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Tillemans, F.; Coremans-Pelseneer, J.",1987,"Beauveria brongniartii (Fungus, Moniliale) as control agent against Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent","Journal Article",52,"2a","379-384","Previous laboratory experiments in Belgium showed that larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus could be killed by a suspension of the conidia of the fungus Beauveria brongniartii, which gave up to 100% mortality. These results were confirmed by further experiments on azaleas [Rhododendron] and Populus spp. in pots in the greenhouse, in which 2.1 conidia/litre soil were sufficient to give 89% mortality of the curculionid larvae within 21 days. The damage caused was assessed by the leaf conductance method.",null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental and tree",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"Not about vine weevil","Tillemans, F.; Coremans-Pelseneer, J.",1989,"Side effects of Beauveria brongniartii (Deuteromyces) on plants","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent","Journal Article",54,"2b","593-596","The use of the entomogenous fungus Beauveria brongniartii as a microbial pesticide against the curculionid Otiorhynchus sulcatus seems to enhance plant foliar resistance and leaf potential. In laboratory studies using ornamental plants, such physiological behaviour was observed on unattacked plants after treatment with conidia of the fungus.",null,"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x",{"$nulls":5},"Ornamental"]
["x",null,null,"Tillemans, F.; Laumond, C.; Coremans-Pelseneer, J.",1990,"Simultaneous utilization of entomopathogenic fungus and nematodes against larvae of black vine weevil and influence on plants","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Universiteit Gent","Journal Article",55,"2 PART A","373-378",null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","Same as above paper","Tillemans, F.; Laumond, C.; Coremans-Pelseneer, J.; Lannoye, R.",1991,"Simultaneous utilization of an entomopathogenic fungus and nematodes against larvae of the black vine weevil and the influence on plants","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",14,7,"83-84"]
["x",null,null,"Tillemans, F.; Laumond, C.; Coremans-Pelseneer, J.; Lannoye, R.",1991,"Plant physiology and microbiological control with Beauveria and nematodes","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent","Journal Article",56,"2a","215-222","In laboratory studies on the control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus with microbial pesticides, 2-year-old seedlings of Acer groserii [Acer grosseri] were artificially infested with eggs of the weevil and inoculated with the entomogenous fungus Beauveria brongniartii or the entomophilic nematode Heterorhabditis, separately or together. Monitoring a series of plant physiological characters, including photosynthesis, proline content, stomatal conductance and fluorescence, correlated with the efficiency and status of the roots, showed that both treatments were effective against the weevil.",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Tree",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Tillemans, F.; Rouland, C.",1992,"Enzymic activities of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F)","Mededelingen Van De Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Universiteit-Gent, Vol 57, 2a, Pts 1-4","Journal Article",44,null,"645-648"]
["x",null,null,"Tokihiro, G.; Kitagawa, K.",1984,"Studies on the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus Coleoptera Curculionidae 2. Oviposition of overwintered adult","Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service Japan","Journal Article",null,20,"73-76","Nine individuals out of 10 overwintered adult weevils survived till the beginning of oviposition which started in mid-April. The average temperatures of those days were 12-14.degree. C. Oviposition continued till early Nov., and the mean number of eggs laid per female was 415 annually. As of Aug. 3, the number of eggs per female was 292 on average, and mean hatachability was 21%. Four weevils which survived at the end of the oviposition period died in the following winter.",{"$nulls":22},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x"]
[null,"x","Little info in abstract","Tuovinen, T.",2009,"Risk of invasive arthropod pests related to climate change in the northernmost small fruit production area in EU","Workshop on Berry Production in Changing Climate Conditions and Cultivation Systems. Cost-Action 863: Euroberry Research: From Genomics to Sustainable Production, Quality and Health","Book Section",838,null,"151-154","Of the total acreage of soft fruit crops such as strawberry, currants, raspberry, and highbush blueberry, only a few hectares are grown in greenhouses or polyethylene tunnels in Finland. The prevailing weather influences directly on growth and quality of the yield and indirectly by pests and diseases. In the 2000s, the heat summations in every growing period have been higher than the mean values in 1961-1990. At the same time, the winter temperatures have been higher. These changes have already brought out signs of the effect of warming climate in the occurrence of pests in soft fruits. The vine weevil is considered the most serious emerging pest, and the newly invaded Spanish slug is a potential new pest on strawberry. Strawberry is considered as the most vulnerable soft fruit in a changing climate, mainly due to emerging pests and invading new pests."]
["x",null,null,"Tusnádi, C. K.; Merkl, L.",1985,"Recent damage by Otiorrhynchus sulcatus F. in Hungary. / A barázdáshátú vincellérbogár (Otiorrhynchus sulcatus F.) újabb kártétele Magyarországon","Növényvédelem","Journal Article",21,8,"369-370","The biology of the curculionid Otiorhynchus sulcatus, a pest of Rhododendron simsii, was studied in Hungary. The adults attacked the flowers, leaving spots of excreta on them, but the leaves remained intact. Flowers of Gerbera spp. were also accepted as food by the insect. The adults lived for 9-11 months under laboratory conditions, and laid 800-1000 eggs throughout that period. No males were found among the insects examined. In the absence of moisture, eggs generally died within 2-3 days. Permethrin plus tetramethrin, pirimiphos-methyl and methomyl were equally effective against the pest. Control was not necessary after the beginning of April.","x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",{"$nulls":8},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Ornamental",null,null,null,"x","x"]
[null,"x","Little info in abstract","Udo, S.",1983,"Otiorhynchus sulcatus Coleoptera Curculionidae a feared pest of nurseries and gardens","Neue Entomologische Nachrichten","Journal Article",null,7,"21-24","The black vine weevil O. sulcatus (F.) is a harmful parasite in agriculture and [ornamentals] nurseries [in West Germany]. Control is difficult because beetle and larvae are resistent to most insecticides. Its biology and possible damage are described."]
["x",null,null,"van Der Horst, M. J.; van Tol, R. W. H. M.",1995,"Integrated pest management in nursery stock in the Netherlands","Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent","Journal Article",60,"3A","759-762","Integrated pest management (IPM) of nursery stock was initially introduced in the Netherlands in unheated greenhouses. It is based on weekly monitoring, the introduction of natural enemies and the use of selective pesticides. The introduction of various natural enemies (predatory mites, parasitic wasps, gall midges, bacteria and nematodes) in protected nursery crops gives good control of insect pests and reduces pesticide use by 50 to 90%. In 1992 IPM was also introduced in a container nursery outdoors. Weekly monitoring and correct diagnosis of diseases enabled the routine spraying against mosses and fungal diseases (Phytophthora and Septoria) to be omitted. Pesticide use was approximately halved. In 1993 IPM was extended to nurseries growing conifers and shrubs in the field. Pesticides were only applied when there was a risk of damage from pests and diseases. Using selective pesticides whenever possible and spraying locally stimulated the build-up of natural populations of predators of aphids and mites. Entomoparasitic nematodes were used against black vine weevil. On one outdoor nursery IPM achieved a reduction in pesticide use of 42% in 1993 and 61% in 1994. IPM has been demonstrated to be feasible and successful in nurseries. The best way to implement it is to work closely with individual growers. They experience the advantage of better monitoring while using less pesticide, and the positive results improve acceptance of IPM. The introduction of biological agents outdoors and disease forecasting are still experimental.","x",null,"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x","x","Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. ",2003,"Parfum fatale for the vine weevil, a successful pest from the Alps. / Parfum fatale voor de taxuskever, een succesvolle plaag uit de Alpen","Entomologische Berichten","Journal Article",63,1,41792,"The vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus is an important pest in nursery industry and small fruit production but is also a nuisance in gardens and landscapes. Only few home gardeners associate the walking weevils with the devastating damage the grubs cause to the roots of their plants. In our research we were able to show that tiny nematodes that parasitize on the weevil larvae find their victims by the chemical substances released by damaged roots from a conifer. This phenomenon may have huge consequences for the improvement of biological control of this but also many other soil pests in the near future. The adult weevils were attracted by odours from leaves of different plant species but also by the odour of faeces of conspecifics. Remarkably, the weevils were also attracted by (artificially) damaged non-food plants, on which they reproduce poorly and on which adult mortality is high when forced to feed on. Further, vine weevils were also attracted by faeces of the cherry laurel weevil Otiorhynchus salicicola, a species endemic to the southern Alps and not (yet) found in The Netherlands. There are several indications that the different origin of plant and weevil species causes this mismatch of odour attractiveness and functionality in relation to reproduction and survival of the vine weevil.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":28},"x"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M.",1993,"Control of the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) with different isolates of Heterorhabditis sp and Metarhizium anisopliae in nursery stock","Proceedings of the Section : Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Soc","Book",{"$nulls":5},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M.",1996,"Prospects for biological control of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) in nursery stock","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"69-75",null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M.",1996,"A strategy for control of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) in an integrated pest management programme in nursery stock","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"76-80",null,"x",null,"x",null,null,"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x","x","Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M.",1993,"Efficacy of control of the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) with strains of Heterorhabditis sp. Steinernema sp. and the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in nursery stock","Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent","Journal Article",58,"2A","461-467",null,"x","x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x","x",null,null,"x","x",null,null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M. ",1994,"Influence of temperature on the control of the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) with strains of some insect-parasitic nematodes (Heterorhabditis and Steinernema)","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",17,3,"116-119",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M. ; Bezooijen, J. V.; Ketelaars, T. A. C. M.",1998,"Searching behaviour of entomopathogenic nematodes: roots and soil temperature determine success of black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) control","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",21,4,"187-191",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M.; Bruck, D J.; Griepink, F. C.; De Kogel, W. J.",2012,"Field attraction of the vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus to kairomones","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",105,1,"169-175","Root weevils in the genus Otiorhynchus are cited as one of the most important pests in the major nursery and small fruit production areas throughout the United States, western Canada, and northern Europe. A major problem in combating weevil attack is monitoring and timing of control measures. Because of the night-activity of the adult weevils growers do not observe the emerging weevils in a timely manner and oviposition often starts before effective control measures are taken. Several vine weevil electroantennogram-active plant volatiles were identified from a preferred host plant, Euonymus fortunei. Main compounds evoking antennal responses on the weevils' antennae were (Z)-2-pentenol, (E)-2-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenol, methyl benzoate, linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, methyl eugenol, and (E, E)-alpha-farnesene. Several of these compounds were tested alone and in mixtures on attractiveness for the vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) in field-grown strawberry in Oregon. O. sulcatus were attracted to (Z)-2-pentenol (approximate to 3x more than control) and a 1:1 ratio mixture of (Z)-2-pentenol and methyl eugenol (4.5x more than control). This is the first report of field-active attractants for O. sulcatus which holds promise for the development of new monitoring strategies for growers in the near future.",{"$nulls":20},"x",null,"x","Strawberry",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,null,"x",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","van Tol, R. W. H. M.; Schepman, A. C.",1999,"Influence of host and plant roots on the migration of Heterorhabditis sp. (NWE) in peat soil","Entomopathogenic nematodes: application and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes. Proceedings of a workshop held at Todi, Perugia, Italy, 16 to 20 May 1995.","Book"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M.; van der Sommen, A. T. C.; Boff, M. I. C.; van Bezooijen, J.; Sabelis, M. W.; Smits, P. H.",2001,"Plants protect their roots by alerting the enemies of grubs","Ecology Letters","Journal Article",4,4,"292-294","Plant roots in the soil are under attack from many soil organisms. Although many ecologists are aware of the presence and importance of natural enemies in the soil that protect the plants from herbivores, the existence and nature of tritrophic interactions are poorly understood. So far, attention has focused on how plants protect their above-ground parts against herbivorous arthropods, either directly or indirectly (i.e. by getting help from the herbivore's enemies). This article is the first in showing that indirect plant defences also operate underground. We show that the roots of a coniferous plant (Thuja occidentalis) release chemicals upon attack by weevil larvae (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) and that these chemicals thereby attract parasitic nematodes (Heterorhabditis megidis).",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M.; van Dijk, N.; Sabelis, M. W.",2004,"Host plant preference and performance of the vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus","Agricultural and Forest Entomology","Journal Article",6,4,"267-278","1 The relationship between reproductive performance and preference for potential host plants of the vine weevil is investigated, as shown in tests on contact (or feeding) preference, presented herein, and tests on olfactory preference, published elsewhere. 2 Assessment of reproductive performance shows that the host-plant range of the adult vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus in Europe is limited to one gymnosperm genus (Taxus sp.) and a broad range of angiosperm plants in two subclasses of the Dicotyledonae, namely Dilleniidae and Rosidae. The successful reproduction on very distantly related plant taxa suggests that the original weevil- and plant-habitat has mediated the current host-plant range of the vine weevil. 3 Contact-preference tests with equally suitable hosts, such as Aronia, Fragaria, Euonymus and Taxus, and one less suitable host, Humulus, indicate a mismatch between contact preference and performance and, as far as olfactory preferences are known, these match neither the contact preferences nor the performance. This mismatch may arise because (i) host plant species offered do not occur in weevil habitat in Europe (e.g. Aronia and the cultivated Fragaria come from North America) and (ii) predation (or disease) risks differ among host plants, thereby altering effective reproductive performance. 4 With respect to performance on novel hosts (Thuja, Prunus) and bad hosts (Rhododendron), some between-individual variation is found within a single population, suggesting that local populations harbour (possibly genetic) variation for adaptation to new hosts. How this variation is maintained in the face of strong selection pressures on local populations of flightless and thelytokous weevils, is an important question for understanding the broad host plant range in the vine weevil.",{"$nulls":18},"x",null,null,null,"x","Ornamental",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M.; Visser, J. H.",1998,"Host-plant preference and antennal responses of the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) to plant volatiles","Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society","Book",null,null,null,"Although the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) has been described as being polyphagous, this insect shows distinct preference for certain plant species. In dual-choice tests, Taxus baccata and Euonymus fortunei cv. 'Dart's Blanket' are preferred over Rhododendron cv. 'Catawbiense Boursault'. In case of no-choice the weevils feed equally well on all these plant species but significantly more eggs (up to 100% or more) are laid when weevils feed on Taxus baccata. The first results of a large screening of plant volatiles in electroantennogram (EAG) tests demonstrate a highly specific response profile. Of the general green leaf volatiles (E)-2-hexenol-1 and (Z)-3-hexenol-1 give the largest responses. Large responses to more specific plant volatiles are restricted to a relatively small group of compounds such as benzylalcohol, linalool, myrtenol, hexylamine and several benzaldehydes. Feeding preference, oviposition and EAG results suggest a more specific host preference for this weevil than deduced from outbreak reports. This supports the possibilities for finding more specific attractants.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Ornamental",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M.; Visser, J. H.",2002,"Olfactory antennal responses of the vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus to plant volatiles","Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","Journal Article",102,1,"49-64","Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to a broad range of volatile plant compounds. The response profile is restricted to a small number of volatiles that evoke substantial EAGs. Large EAG responses were particularly found among green leaf volatiles (GLV) such as (E)-2-hexenol-1, (Z)-3-hexenol-1, hexanol-1, hexanal, and heptanal. Other plant volatiles eliciting responses in the weevils' antenna are 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, hexylamine, benzylalcohol, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, o-cresol, myrtenol, 3-methylcyclohexanol, gamma-hexalactone, and gamma-heptalactone. EAG responses to terpenes were generally weak. Many of the monoterpenes are characteristic for the odour of conifers, a group of plants which tend to be avoided by adult vine weevils. The EAG response to several GLV and benzene derivatives in three geographically distinct populations of the vine weevil differed, suggesting between-population variation in receptor sensitivities for several compounds under test. The GLV-composition of the odour profile of potential food plants may be an important criterion for a polyphagous insect like the vine weevil to be used in host-plant selection, since compounds in this odour group dominate so strongly the EAG response profile. In multiple food-choice situations the weevils are known to prefer certain plant species and we hypothesize that they combine GLV information with that of more specific plant volatiles, thereby promoting attraction or avoidance.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M.; Visser, J. H.; Sabelis, M. W.",1999,"Responses of the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) to weevil and host-plant odours","Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society (N.E.V.)","Journal Article",11,null,"109-114","Four host plants, while damaged by black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) were tested in a dual-choice olfactometer. Only Taxus baccata and Euonymus fortunei attracted large number of weevils. Fragaria x ananassa and Rhododendron were not attractive. Undamaged Euonymus in the presence of weevils was not attractive whereas Euonymus freshly damaged by weevils attracted weevils. A positive correlation between weevil/frass odour and attraction was found in the control treatment and a treatment with pre-damaged Euonymus. It is concluded that feeding-induced volatiles are involved in host finding of this parthenogenetic weevil species.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Strawberry & Ornamental",{"$nulls":7},"x"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M.; Visser, J. H.; Sabelis, M. W.",2002,"Olfactory responses of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, to tree odours","Physiological Entomology","Journal Article",27,3,"213-222","A Y-tube olfactometer and a still-air olfactometer were developed to determine the attractiveness of several host plants for the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.); Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Odours of weevil-damaged yew (Taxus baccata) and spindle trees (Euonymus fortunei) are attractive to the vine weevil, but Rhododendron and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) are not. Undamaged Euonymus is attractive to the weevils in springtime but not in late summer. When clean air or undamaged Euonymus is the alternative, weevils strongly prefer weevil-damaged Euonymus foliage, and this preference is retained throughout the year. Hence, plant damage plays a role in attraction of the vine weevil. In contrast to the permanent attractiveness of weevil-damaged Euonymus, mechanically damaged plants gradually lose the attractiveness that they have early in the growing season. This suggests that emission of volatiles, produced by the plants in response to weevil damage, is important for attraction of the weevils because the weevils may use these plant odours to find suitable food plants throughout the season. Apart from weevil-damage-related plant volatiles, green leaf volatiles must also play a significant role, as indicated by the fact that weevils prefer: early season, undamaged Euonymus over clean air; early season, mechanically damaged Euonymus over undamaged Euonymus; and, throughout the season, had no preference when mechanically damaged Euonymus is tested against weevil-damaged Euonymus. Thus, monitoring traps may be developed by the use of green leaf volatiles and/or herbivore-induced volatiles, as attractants.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Strawberry & Ornamental",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"van Tol, R. W. H. M.; Visser, J. H.; Sabelis, M. W.",2004,"Behavioural responses of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, to semiochemicals from conspecifics, Otiorhynchus salicicola, and host plants","Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","Journal Article",110,2,"145-150","The vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus is a parthenogenetic reproducing species which forages for suitable host plants at night, but is found congregated in dark places during the day. Frass of this weevil species is suspected to contain attractive compounds that are host-plant related. Using a still-air olfactometer, we tested adult vine weevils at night for their behavioural response to odours from conspecifics, feeding on a mixture of spindle tree (Euonymus fortunei) and yew (Taxus baccata), and to a sexually reproducing related species (Otiorhynchus salicicola), feeding on a mixture of ivy (Hedera helix) and cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus). Their attraction to conspecifics and O. salicicola appeared to be related to frass production. Freshly collected frass from O. sulcatus and from O. salicicola males and females was attractive. Prunus laurocerasus and H. helix have not been observed to be hosts of the vine weevil in the field. However, our tests showed that the vine weevil was attracted to mechanically damaged leaves of both plant species, whereas undamaged leaves were not attractive. Only undamaged young unfolding leaves of H. helix were also attractive. The attraction to odours from mechanically damaged host and non-host plants suggested the involvement of compounds that are commonly found in many plant species. The involvement of plant compounds and/or aggregation pheromones in attraction to frass of the vine weevil and frass of the related weevil species O. salicicola is discussed.",{"$nulls":17},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","Ornamental",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x"]
[null,"x","Not about vine weevil","Vaughan, S. P.; James, D. J.; Lindsey, K.; Massiah, A. J.",2006,"Characterization of FaRB7, a near root-specific gene from strawberry (Fragariaxananassa Duch.) and promoter activity analysis in homologous and heterologous hosts","Journal of Experimental Botany","Journal Article",57,14,"3901-3910","Many insect and fungal pathogens posing agronomically important threats specifically target the roots in strawberry. The use of a root-specific promoter to confer expression of resistance genes in a targeted manner has the potential appreciably to benefit the genetic improvement of commercial strawberry varieties. A novel gene, FaRB7, was isolated from strawberry (Fragariaxananassa Duch.) and found to contain motifs characteristic of tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that FaRB7 represents an RB7-type TIP. In strawberry, this gene is expressed predominantly in roots, with very low expression in petioles. A 2.843 kb region representing the FaRB7 gene upstream regulatory sequence was isolated and found to share a number of sequence motifs with the promoter of the Nicotiana tabacum TobRB7 root-specific RB7-type TIP. When cloned upstream of the gusA reporter gene and introduced into strawberry plants, the FaRB7 promoter was shown to direct strong, near root-specific expression with expression patterns very similar to that of the endogenous gene. Furthermore, the FaRB7 promoter was found to confer constitutive expression, comparable to that produced by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S RNA promoter, in tobacco. Thus, the FaRB7 promoter may be used to achieve near-root-specific transgene expression in strawberry and also represents an alternative to the CaMV 35S promoter for producing constitutive foreign gene expression in heterologous hosts. The FaRB7 full-length genomic sequence and 5' upstream regulatory region have been submitted to the EMBL/GenBank database under accession number DQ178022."]
["x",null,"Also targeted eggs","Verbruggen, D.; Grisse, A. de; Heungens, A.",1985,"Possibilities of integrated control of Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (F.). / Mogelijkheden voor de geïntegrieerde bestrijding van Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (F.)","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent","Journal Article",50,1,"133-144","In field and greenhouse tests in Belgium on Azalea, Rhododendron and Taxus, methomyl and ethyl-parathion [parathion] at 0.25 p.p.m, endosulfan at 0.35 p.p.m and propoxur and oxamyl at 0.5 p.p.m. killed larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus but did not give complete control; the best results were obtained on azaleas with endosulfan applied against the eggs. In laboratory experiments, exposure of the curculionid larvae to Heterorhabditis gave good control, and greenhouse applications of the nematode in combination with propoxur or methomyl killed all the larvae within 2 weeks.","x",null,"x",null,null,"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x","x",null,null,"x",null,"Ornamental",null,"x"]
["x",null,"Review","Vogt, H.",1996,"Vine weevil problems in fruit crops","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"19-23",null,null,"x","x",null,"x","x",null,"x","x","x",null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x","Strawberry & Ornamental",null,null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Vrie, M. van de; Boogaard, M.",1982,"Control of vine weevil in pot plants. / Bestrijding van de taxuskever in potplanten","Vakblad voor de Bloemisterij","Journal Article",37,36,"62-63","Otiorhynchus sulcatus in a wide range of flowering and foliage pot plants was satisfactorily controlled by carbofuran granules mixed into the potting compost (200 g/m³ soil). No phytotoxic effects were observed with cultivars of cyclamen, kalanchoe, Schefflera sp. or Hedera sp.","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":12},"x",null,"Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Wandersch, W.; Hartwig, J.; Reinecke, P.; Stenzel, K.",1990,"Production of mycelial granules of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae for biological control of soil pests",null,"Generic",null,null,41761,"The process of production of granules of Metarhizium anisopliae is described. Liquid cultures of M. anisopliae can be induced to form aggregates of hyphal cells under certain conditions. During fermentation the pellets increased in diameter from 0.1 to 1.5 mm. They were separated using a granulator and dried at 50°C. The final product (known as BIO 1020) consisted of 0.5-1.0 mm granules. The cells remained viable for 8 months at 4°C, but the shelf-life was increased to 18 months at this temperature when the granules were stored in a vacuum. The biological activity of the granules was tested against Otiorhynchus sulcatus at a rate of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g granules/litre soil. Pots were infested with 3 2nd- to 3rd-instar larvae in the greenhouse at 20°C and 80% RH. The number of conidia formed was constant for about 6 months and biological activity was 60-100%.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Watt, K.; Graham, J.; Gordon, S. C.; Woodhead, M.; McNicol, R. J.",1999,"Current and future transgenic control strategies to vine weevil and other insect resistance in strawberry","Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology","Journal Article",74,4,"409-421",{"$nulls":5},"x",{"$nulls":28},"x"]
[null,"x","Not about vine weevil","Webster, J. M.",2000,"Entomopathogenic symbionts: nematology's key to the 21ST century","Journal of Nematology","Journal Article",32,4,"471-471"]
["x",null,null,"Wennemann, L.; Cone, W. W.; Wright, L. C.; Perez, J.; Conant, M.",2003,"Early season drip line application of entomopathogenic nematodes against pests of grapes","DGaaE Nachrichten","Journal Article",17,1,"15-15","Studies in Washington, USA, showed that A. c-nigrum [Xestia c-nigrum] and G. mellonella [Galleria mellonella] were more susceptible than O. sulcatus [Otiorhynchus sulcatus] to Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema feltiae. Susceptibility in the laboratory was greater than that shown in the field. S. feltiae was more efficient at lower temperatures in the field.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,"x","x",null,"Grapes"]
["x",null,null,"Westerman, P. R.",1992,"The influence of time of storage on performance of the insect parasitic nematode, Heterorhabditis sp","Fundamental and Applied Nematology","Journal Article",15,5,"407-412","The influence of the time of storage on efficacy, persistence and migration rate of the insect parasitic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. was investigated. Various batches of the Dutch isolates HFr86 and HL81 stored for different periods (4 to 340 days) at 4-5-degrees-C were compared. Efficacy of HFr86 against the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, ranged from 15 to 93 % effect, the difference in persistence in potting soil ran up to five weeks, migration rate in 9 cm sand columns ranged from 1 to 3 cm in 4 h in the absence of a host and from 1 to 7 cm in the presence of Galleria mellonella. An increase of the time of storage caused a decrease of \"quality\" of the nematodes with respect to persistence and efficacy against black vine weevil. Migration rate in sand columns reflected efficacy on the nematodes for control of the weevil and might be suitable as a sensitive laboratory assay of nematode \"quality\", at least for Dutch heterorhabditids.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Westerman, P. R.",1994,"The vertical migration of Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp. at 9°C and the relationship to efficacy against Otiorhynchus sulcatus at 9°C","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",17,3,"81-85","The dispersion and host-searching ability of 16 heterorhabditid and 3 steinernematid species and isolates was tested with larvae of the pyralid Galleria mellonella in 9-cm sand columns at 9°C. The heterorhabditid isolates HUk211, K122, H. megidis HO1 and HL81 were identified as having superior migratory ability. Activity at low temperatures was not related to a specific taxonomic group. In addition, an efficacy experiment with 6 heterorhabditids and 2 steinernematids for control of the curculionid Otiorhynchus sulcatus in strawberries at 9 and 12°C was combined with testing for migration at 9°C. A strong relationship was observed. The value of migration as a basis for predictive tests for efficacy at low temperatures is discussed. This paper was presented at the 4th general meeting of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group 'Insect pathogens and insect parasitic nematodes' held in Zurich, Switzerland, on 5-9 September 1993.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Westerman, P. R.",1998,"Penetration of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis spp. into host insects at 9 and 20 degrees C","Journal of Invertebrate Pathology","Journal Article",72,3,"197-205","Biological control of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, by means of the entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis spp., is difficult to obtain at low temperatures. The influence of temperature on nematode penetration ability was investigated to identify whether this process is a bottleneck for biocontrol. Variation in penetration ability among and within Heterorhabditis was assessed. A negative exponential model was used to characterize penetration in time. The two parameters in this model, the proportion of infectious nematodes and their relative penetration rate, were compared among different batches of the same nematode isolate (HF85). There was a considerable amount of nongenetic variation among batches of HF85, stored for different periods of time, in the proportion of infectious nematodes, but there was little variation in the relative penetration rate. There was almost no (genetic) variation in the proportion of nematodes that is infectious against O. sulcatus at 9 degrees C among 12 heterorhabditid isolates. Variation did occur when two lepidopteran species, Galleria mellonella and Spodoptera exigua, were offered as hosts at 9 degrees C or when hosts were presented at 20 degrees C. The relevance of variation in penetration parameters for control of O. sulcatus at low temperatures is discussed. (C) 1998 Academic Press.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Westerman, P. R.",1999,"Aggregation of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp., among host insects at 9 and 20 degrees C and effects on efficacy","Journal of Invertebrate Pathology","Journal Article",73,2,"206-213","The negative binomial distribution (NBD) with density-dependent k was used to test and describe the distribution of nematodes in Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Galleria mellonella, and Spodoptera exigua at 9 and 20 degrees C. Aggregation was greater in O. sulcatus than in the other two hosts. In case of G. mellonella exposed to the heterorhabditid HF85, the distribution of nematodes in the insects was random. There was only a small effect of low temperature on aggregation; this effect was stronger for O. sulcatus than for the other two hosts. Aggregation of nematodes among insects in a population increases the infection chance of already infected insects and decreases the infection chance of uninfected insects. Consequently, more nematodes will have to penetrate O. sulcatus than G. mellonella or S. exigua to cause the same proportion of infection in a population. The relevance of aggregation of nematodes for control O. sulcatus is discussed. (C) 1999 Academic Press.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"Thesis- contains published papers we already have ","Westerman, P. R.",1997,"Biological control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus by insect parasitic nematodes, Heterorhabditis spp., at low temperatures; a systems analytical approach","Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen (Wageningen Agricultural University), Wageningen","Thesis",null,"Netherlands","101-101","Options to improve control of O. sulcatus by Heterorhabditis are explored, using a systems analytical approach. The nematode behavioural processes involved in host finding and control were studied and characterized. Improved production and storage conditions to increase and stabilize the proportion of infectious nematodes are suggested to enhance biological control.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Westerman, P. R.; Godthelp, J. M.",1990,"The host-searching ability of the insect parasitic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. in sand columns","Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent","Journal Article",55,"2b","691-698","A species of Heterorhabditis from the Netherlands was shown to exhibit different dispersal and host-searching ability patterns in sand columns from those of several other entomophilic nematodes. It is not known to what extent the considerable migratory ability of this heterorhabditid accounts for its high efficacy against insects in the field. The attractiveness differed among 3 insect species, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (larvae) was the least attractive for nematode larvae, Tenebrio molitor (pupae) intermediate and Galleria mellonella (larvae) the most attractive. This paper was presented at the International Crop Protection Symposium in May 1990 in Ghent, Belgium.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Westerman, P. R.; Stapel, M.",1992,"Linear regression models describing the performance of the insect parasitic nematode, Heterorhabditis sp, during storage","Fundamental and Applied Nematology","Journal Article",15,6,"525-530","Performance, defined as migration rates, efficacy and persistence of ten batches of the insect parasitic nematode, Heterorhabditis sp. HFr86, stored for different periods of time in a cold-room at 4-5-degrees-C, was described by linear regression models. Input factors were : time of storage, percentage nematodes with ample food reserves, percentage ensheathment and percentage mortality. Migration rate in 9 cm high sand columns in the absence of insects and persistence in non-sterile potting soil was well described by these input factors (R2 = 95 % and 91 % respectively). Efficacy against Otiorhynchus sulcatus in strawberries and migration rate in the presence of Galleria mellonella on the other hand, were not well described (R2 = 76 % and 68 % respectively). The time of storage was a dominating factor in all models. Percentage mortality of nematodes was the only factor that did not contribute to a better description of migration rates, efficacy or persistence. The equation for efficacy showed that the percentage effect will decrease by 10 % in the first 100 days of storage, followed by more than 30 % in each subsequent period of 100 days. Efficacy and persistence could also be described in terms of migration rates (R2 = 77 % and 82 % respectively).",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x"]
[null,"x","Model of nematode movement","Westerman, P. R.; van der Werf, W.",1998,"Exploring the scope for improving biocontrol of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, with Heterorhabditis spp. At low temperatures: A simulation study","Agricultural Systems","Journal Article",57,1,"43-63","Control success with heterorhabititid nematodes varies with nematode species, isolate, production and storage conditions, and environmental conditions after application. These factors affect nematode behaviour. A model was developed that simulates movement of a nematode population in space and time from the moment of application on a sand column until penetration into a host. It was used to identify, (1) which nematode traits can best be used for improvement, and (2) what is the mast promising strategy of improvement. The sensitivity of simulated control success of Heterorhabditis spp. against larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, at low temperatures, to changes in nematode behavioural parameters was quantified and related to genetic or environmental variation found in the nematodes. Parameters characterizing nematode movement had little influence on simulated control success. Parameters characterizing aggregation and arrestment had a large effect on control, but there is no variation in Heterorhabditis for these traits. Parameters characterizing penetration had a moderate effect on control. The most promising option to enhance control by Heterorhabditis in this system would be to raise the proportion infectious nematodes of an isolate up to its genetic maximum, by improving production and storage conditions. Variation in biocontrol would be reduced, resulting in a more reliable product. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved."]
["x",null,null,"Westerman, P. R.; Zeeland, M. G. van",1994,"Infectivity and pathogenicity of the insect parasitic nematodes Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp. for Otiorhynchus sulcatus at different temperatures","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",17,3,"65-69","A large number of isolates of entomophilic nematodes were evaluated for their efficacy against Otiorhynchus sulcatus in strawberries at 9, 12 and 20°C. No marked differences were found between Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp. at 20°C, but the isolates responded differently to low temperatures. Three isolates (HFsel, HUk211 and S. kraussei Mr) gave almost 50% control at 9°C and, in addition to K122 and HB1'87, these isolates also performed well at 12°C. This paper was presented at the 4th general meeting of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group 'Insect pathogens and insect parasitic nematodes' held in Zurich, Switzerland, on 5-9 September 1993.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x"]
["x",null,"Little info - no abstract","Westerman, P. R.; Zeeland, M. G. van; Rijksuniv, G.",1989,"Comparison of Heterorhabditis isolates for control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus at low temperatures","Communications of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the State University of Ghent, Vol 54, Pts 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b: 198","Journal Article",41,null,"1115-1123",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Wheeler, A. G.",1999,"Otiorhynchus ovatus, O. rugosostriatus, and O. sulcatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae): Exotic weevils in natural communities, mainly mid-Appalachian shale barrens and outcrops","Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington","Journal Article",101,3,"689-692"]
["x",null,null,"Willmott, D. M.; Hart, A. J.; Long, S. J.; Edmondson, R. N.; Richardson, P. N.",2002,"Use of a cold-active entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei to control overwintering larvae of the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) in outdoor strawberry plants","Nematology","Journal Article",4,null,"925-932","The susceptibility of overwintering black vine weevil larvae Otiorhynchus sulcatus to a cold-active entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema kraussei (isolate L137) and a commercial proprietary biopesticide, Steinernema carpocapsae (Exhibit) was assessed on outdoor potted strawberry plants. Nematodes were applied at a range of doses in early winter at a field site located in Warwickshire, England. Three months later, infestation and mortality of vine weevils were assessed. There was a clear dose response observed for S. kraussei applications. Up to 81% of vine weevil control was recorded by this nematode at the highest dose of 60 000 nematodes per pot, whereas treatments with S. carpocapsae caused no significant mortality at the dose rates used. Dissection of vine weevil larvae showed infective juveniles had developed to adults within the host. Recovery of nematodes at the end of the experiment indicated that S. kraussei (L137) was able to survive winter field conditions including prolonged exposure to low temperatures (averaging 2.7degreesC during the experiment) in contrast to S. carpocapsae which showed poor survival. Of the two extraction methods used, the Baermann funnel technique was found to be more efficient than Galleria mellonella baiting, with up to 44% of the original highest dose of S. kraussei nematodes being recovered by Baermann funnel compared to 8% with G. mellonella at 18degreesC. These results suggest S. kraussei (L137) has potential as a commercial biocontrol agent against O. sulcatus at low temperatures.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Wilson, M.; Nitzsche, P.; Shearer, P. W.",1999,"Entomopathogenic nematodes to control black vine weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) on strawberry","Journal of Economic Entomology","Journal Article",92,3,"651-657","We investigated the potential of heterorhabditid nematodes to control larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), in 2 field experiments in commercial strawberry plantings. In both experiments, nematodes were applied directly onto the straw mulch, or onto the soil after temporary removal of the mulch. Heterorhabditis marelatus Lui & Berry (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) reduced numbers of weevil larvae and the percentage of plants infested in both experiments, irrespective of straw removal. In the 1st field experiment, a sponge-packed H. marelatus formulation produced lower numbers of O. sulcatus larvae per strawberry plant (mean O. sulcatus larvae per plant = 0.7) and proportion of infested plants (42%) compared with a vermiculite formulation (mean O. sulcatus larvae per plant = 1.8, proportion infested plants 67%) and an untreated control (mean O. sulcatus larvae per plant = 1.9, proportion infested plants 75%). In the first 2 wk after application, more H. marelatus were found in soil samples collected from plots treated with sponge-packed nematodes, than from plots treated with vermiculite-formulated nematodes. In the 2nd field experiment, sponge-packed formulations of H. bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) and H. marelatus were tested. H. marelatus caused a reduction in both numbers of weevil larvae (mean O. sulcatus larvae per plant = 0.1) and proportion of infested plants (9%) but H. bacteriophora did not (mean O. sulcatus larvae per plant = 0.45, proportion infested plants 34%). More H. bacteriophora were recovered from soil samples than H. marelatus during the first 7 d of this experiment. However, laboratory studies revealed no difference in the persistence of these 2 nematodes in sand.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",{"$nulls":6},"x","x",null,"Strawberry",null,"x"]
[null,"x","Not about O. sulcatus","Wulf, A.; Berendes, K. H.",1996,"The role of Otiorhynchus weevils in forests","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"26-30"]
[null,"x","Not about O. sulcatus","Wyss, E.",1996,"Nematodes against the vine weevil? / Nematoden gegen den rebstichler?","Obst- und Weinbau","Journal Article",132,10,"276-276","Three entomogenous fungi (Beauveria bassiana and 2 species of Metarhizium) and 2 entomophilic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis sp.) were tested against the curculionid Byctiscus betulae on grape vines in Switzerland in 1995. Microbial pesticides based on fungi did not give rise to infection of the weevil in 3 weeks, but treatment with nematodes significantly reduced the numbers of living weevil larvae present over a period of 3 weeks, compared with no treatment."]
[null,"x","Doesn’t indicate which weevil species","Zada, A.; Dunkelblum, E.",2006,"A convenient resolution of racemic lavandulol through lipase-catalyzed acylation with succinic anhydride: simple preparation of enantiomerically pure (R)-lavandulol","Tetrahedron-Asymmetry","Journal Article",17,2,"230-233","(R)- and (S)-lavandulol and their esters are important compounds in perfumery and have recently become significant in pheromone research. (R)-Lavandulol and its esters, as well as the esters of (S)-lavandulol have been identified as sex and aggregation pheromones in two mealybugs, in thrips and in weevils. We report a convenient resolution of racemic lavandulol through lipase-catalyzed acylation with succinic anhydride. This method does not require tedious chromatographic separation and is particularly suitable for the preparation of enantiomerically pure (R)-lavandulol with 98% ee in one resolution cycle. The (S)-lavandulol with 90% ee can be obtained by a second resolution cycle. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."]
["x",null,null,"Zepp, D. B.; Dierks, A. Z.; Sanders, D. J.",1979,"Effects of diflubenzuron on black vine weevil Otiorhnychus sulcatus oviposition egg viability and adult longevity Coleoptera Curculionidae","Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","Journal Article",52,4,"662-666","Adult black vine weevils, O. sulcatus (F.), were fed 3 diflubenzuron concentrations (0.05, 0.025 and 0.013 g AI[active ingredient]/l) sprayed on the foliage of yews, Taxus media Rehder. Fecundity of insects exposed to diflubenzuron was reduced 15-81% compared to that of insects fed nontreated foliage. Reduction of fecundity was caused by decreased oviposition and egg viability. Diflubenzuron did not affect adult longevity.","x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":13},"x","Ornamental",null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,"Little info in abstract","Zervos, S.; Eidt, D. C.; Weaver, C. A. A.; Tosh, K. J.",1994,"Control of black vine weevil in forest nurseries with entomopathogenic nematodes",null,"Generic",null,null,"6","Notes are given on the use of Steinernema carpocapsae strains to control Otiorhynchus sulcatus, based on experience in Kingsclear Nursery, near Fredericton, New Brunswick.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x"]
[null,"x","Review","Zimmerman, G.",1996,"Microbial control of vine weevil","Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Heft 316) - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book Section",316,null,"64-68"]
["x",null,null,"Zimmermann, G.",1981,"Greenhouse experiments on the control of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus F., with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. / Gewachshausversuche zur bekampfung des gefurchten dichmaulrusslers, Otiorhynchus sulcatus F., mit dem pilz Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok","Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes","Journal Article",33,7,"103-108","Greenhouse experiments were carried out in the German Federal Republic to test the effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in the biological control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) on strawberry, by disseminating eggs of the pest on the soil of pots containing strawberry plants and applying a spore suspension to the soil. The application of a spore suspension containing 4.6 X 108 conidia/ml to the soil surface at a rate of 20 ml/pot reduced the number of resulting larvae by 81% as compared with untreated pots. However, the reduction was only 16% when the soil was mixed with an equivalent amount of spores. In another experiment, concentrations of 2.8 X 106, 2.8 X 107 and 2.8 X 108 conidia/ml were tested at 50 ml/pot; this resulted in reductions of the number of larvae by 28.5, 34.5 and 82.0%, respectively. A third experiment using potted azaleas resulted in a reduction in numbers of larvae of 94% after application of a spore suspension containing 3.8 X 108 conidia/ml at 50 ml/pot, as compared with untreated pots; a 78% reduction was observed when the pots were treated with this suspension 4 weeks after dissemination of the eggs.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry & ornamental",null,null,"x",null,"x"]
["x",null,"Targeted eggs - little info - no paper","Zimmermann, G.",1982,"Investigations on the efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok on eggs and hatching first instar larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus F (Col, Curculionidae)","Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie-Journal of Applied Entomology","Journal Article",93,5,"476-482",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x"]
["x",null,"Targeted eggs","Zimmermann, G.",1982,"Studies on the effect of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. on eggs and newly hatched larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. (Col., Curculionidae). / Untersuchungen zur wirkung von Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. auf eier und schlupfende eilarven von Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. (Col., Curculionidae)","Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie","Journal Article",93,5,"476-482","Laboratory experiments in the German Federal Republic showed that it was possible to infect eggs and newly hatched larvae of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. A correlation was found between increased age of eggs and increasing resistance to the fungus. Using a concentration of 1.0 X 108 conidia/ml, the mean infection rate of day-old white eggs of the insect was 84% after an incubation period of 3 weeks at 20 deg C, while only 12 and 4% of 6- and 8-day-old brown eggs, respectively, were destroyed by the fungus. Up to 25% of 1st-instar larvae hatching from treated eggs were infected. Further tests with day-old white eggs showed a good concentration-mortality correlation, with an LC50 of 1.21 X 107 conidia/ml. The possibility of using eggs of O. sulcatus in tests of M. anisopliae is discussed.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Zimmermann, G.",1984,"Further trials with Metarhizium anisopliae (Fungi imperfecti, Moniliales) for control of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus F., on pot plants in the greenhouse. / Weitere versuche mit Metarhizium anisopliae (Fungi imperfecti, Moniliales) zur bekämpfung des gefurchten Dickmaulrüsslers, Otiorhynchus sulcatus F., an topfpflanzen im gewächshaus","Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes","Journal Article",36,4,"55-59","The effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae against Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) on potted strawberries and ornamental plants in the greenhouse was studied in the German Federal Republic in 1979-82. Treatment of 4th- and 5th-instar larvae on strawberries with a spore suspension of 3.2 × 108 conidia/ml and 50 ml/pot reduced the number of resulting adults by 93%, and 3-4 weeks later, the few adults that had emerged also died as a result of fungus infection. A prophylactic treatment of strawberries, azalea and kalanchoe with 1 × 108 or 5 × 107 conidia/ml and 50 ml/pot was 80-100% effective. However, dipping young plants in a spore suspension or using a formulation of the fungus with the mineral clay Montigel was less effective. A prophylactic treatment of cyclamen was only 30-45% effective, and it was assumed that the fungus was impaired by this plant.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry & Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Zimmermann, G.",1985,"A highly effective fungus saves insecticide. / Ein schlagkräftiger pilz spart insektizide","Gb + Gw","Journal Article",85,7,"294-295","In a greenhouse trial, the effectiveness of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae to control Otiorhynchus sulcatus was investigated with potted azaleas, Kalanchoe, Cyclamen and strawberries. Each 10- to 12-cm pot was given 50 ml of a spore suspension (5 × 107 spores/ml). Compared with untreated plants the fungal treatments gave 80-100% control. With Cyclamen control was less effective, possibly because of a negative reciprocal action between the fungus and the plant. A relatively high spore dose (3 × 108 spores/ml) against mature larvae on strawberries achieved a larval death rate of 93%. Those larvae which did hatch had only a limited life, typically 6-8 weeks. The fungus was also effective in field trials with strawberries. However, its effect was appreciably delayed by soil temperatures lower than 15°C. It is recommended that for field culture 2-3 fungal applications be given at semi-annual intervals.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",null,"Strawberry & Ornamental",null,null,"x"]
[null,"x","Review only","Zimmermann, G.","1992","Metarhizium anisopliae - an entomopathogenic fungus","Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer","Journal Article",45,1,"113-128","A review is given of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, including a list of target pests of which Otiorhynchus sulcatus is of particular importance."]
[null,"x","Missing reference details",null,1996,null,"Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Heft 316 - Second International Workshop on Vine Weevil, (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996","Book",316]
["x",{"$nulls":4},"Shelter for attracting and controlling e.g. vine weevils in horticulture, has plate arranged parallel to another plate and connected with side of latter plate under formation of chambers by bars, where chambers are arranged between plates",null,"Patent","DE202012008854-U1",null,null,"NOVELTY - The shelter (10) has a plate (20) including a landform configuration on a lower side. Another plate (30) is arranged parallel to the former plate and connected with a side of the former plate under formation of chambers (40) by bars (50). The side lies opposite to the landform configuration of the former plate. The chambers are arranged between the plates. The latter plate includes another landform configuration on a surface, which lies opposite to the former plate. The shelter is mirror symmetrically designed and made of plastic or a composite material containing plastic. USE - Shelter for attracting and controlling nocturnal and crepuscular insects i.e. vine weevils, woodlice and snails (all claimed) in horticulture. ADVANTAGE - The shelter provides an attractive habitat for the nocturnal and crepuscular insects, and provides an optimum living space for the insects for resting over a day and under sun exposure. The shelter is designed such that the need for daily controlling of the shelter and for laboriously collecting the insects is avoided, thus reducing amount of work for a gardener and horticultural farm. DESCRIPTION Of DRAWING(S) - The drawing shows a side view of a shelter.Shelter (10)Plates (20, 30)Chambers (40)Bars (50)",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":24},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Raffle, S.","2003","Vine weevil control in soft fruit crops","HDC Factsheet","Generic","01/03",null,"8 pp.","With few chemical control measures available and production switching to mulches and containers, vine weevil is set to continue being the single most important insect threat to soft fruit crops. At present it is estimated that vine weevil damage to soft fruit crops is £8M pa. This factsheets pulls together many past HDC-funded projects looking at this pest and incorporates all current information of practical use available to growers.","x",null,"x","x",null,"x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x","x","Soft fruit",null,null,null,"x","x",null,"x","x",null,"x","x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Buxton, J.","2003","Vine weevil control in Hardy Nursery Stock","HDC Factsheet","Generic","02/03",null,"8 pp.","The trade in plants between nurseries has been central to the spread of vine weevils within the UK nursery stock industry and, with limited control measures available, vine weevil continues to be the number one nursery stock pest. This factsheet draws on past HDC-funded work and includes up-to-date guidance for growers. ","x",null,"x","x",null,"x","x",null,"x",null,null,null,"x","x",null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x","x","Ornamental",null,null,null,"x","x","x","x","x",null,"x","x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Magnano, L.","1998","Notes on the Otiorhynchus Germar, 1824 complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","Mus. Reg Sci. nat. Torino","Journal Article","1998",null,"51-80",{"$nulls":33},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Mesaros, G.","1996","Systematic notes on some bare and smooth Otiorhynchus species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the Balkan peninsula with description of two new species","Acta Entomologia Serbica","Journal Article","1","1/2","5-20",{"$nulls":33},"x"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Cram, W. T.","1965","Fecundity of the root weevils Brachyrhinus sulcatus and Sciopithes obscurus on strawberry at different conditions of host nutrition","Canadian Journal of Plant Science","Journal Article","45",null,"219-225"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Feytaud, J.","1918","Etude sur l'otiorhynque sillonne (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.)","Annls Serv. Epiphyt.","Journal Article","5",null,"145-192"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Klinger, J.","1959","Observations on the bionomics of O. sulcatus during an outbreak in recent years on vines in German Switzerland","Landw. Jb. Schweiz.","Journal Article","73",null,"409-438"]
[null,"x","No abstract/paper","Mote, D. C., Wilcox, J.","1927","The strawberry root weevils and their control in Oregon","Ore. Agric. Exp. Sn Circ.","Generic",null,"79","24 pp."]
["x",null,null,"Hartwig, J., Oehmig, S.","1992","BIO 1020 - Behaviour in the soil, and important factors affecting its action","Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer","Journal Article","45","1","159-176",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x",{"$nulls":8},"x",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Fitzgerald, J (EMR)","2013","Improving the biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic fungi for soil dwelling arthropod pests PS2138","Defra","Report",null,null,null,"Experiments were conducted to determine if two commercially produced EPFs, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, could be grown on unsterilized waste materials. Ten different waste materials were tested with each inoculum type. Autoclaving of the waste material followed by inoculation with the BCAs generally resulted in a ten-fold higher M. anisopliae or B. bassiana population compared with equivalent pasteurised and inoculated substrates. Growth on pasteurised crab shell waste, green waste compost or dried brewery waste was poor or not detectable, and growth on pasteurised Phase 2 mushroom compost was much poorer than on autoclaved material. However, M. anisopliae and B. bassiana grew well on pasteurised spent mushroom compost (SMC) and M. anisopliae also grew well on pasteurised coffee grindings waste. The addition of mushroom stipes or crushed crab shell waste to SMC before pasteurisation did not enhance the growth of either fungus compared with SMC alone. The addition of brewery yeast waste to SMC before pasteurisation enhanced the growth of M. anisopliae but had the opposite effect on the growth of B. bassiana. The populations of these EPFs on the pasteurised SMC substrates were similar to those obtained in the sterile commercial products (Naturalis L and Met 52 grains\nEVID4 Evidence Project Final Report (Rev. 06/11) Page 3 of 14\nrespectively).\nCold storage proved not to be a viable method for storing the inoculated SMC products. No M. anisopliae propagules were detected in the SMC+brewery waste substrate after 50 days of storage at 5˚C. The M. anisopliae propagule count in the cold stored Met 52 product also declined by about 103 during a 220 day period of cold storage at 5˚C. The B. bassiana propagule count in the inoculated SMC substrate declined by 102 during a 100 day period of cold storage at 5˚C. There was no significant change in the B. bassiana propagule count in cold stored Naturalis L product after 220 days. However, B. bassiana spores present in freshly prepared inoculated SMC survived for at least 50 days when incorporated into commercial, peat-based, growing medium although numbers of spores decreased with time.\nFive laboratory bioassays tested the efficacy of SMC inoculated with EPF on vine weevil survival in potting growing media. In all except one bioassay, vine weevil eggs were placed on growing medium treated with the experimental products or the commercial formulations. Larvae were fed on carrot and survival recorded after 2-4 weeks. In the first unreplicated experiment late instar vine weevil larvae were tested; 100% mortality was recorded in the SMC inoculated with B. bassiana treatment compared with 3% in the Met 52 and 5% in the Naturalis L treatments. In two other bioassays the number of dead larvae recorded was significantly higher in the SMC treatments; highest percentages dead were 14.3% in the SMC+brewery waste incorporated with M. anisopiae and 5.6% in the SMC incorporating B. bassiana treatments. These rates were higher than that recorded in these bioassays for the commercial formulations. In the remaining bioassays the variability of vine weevil survival between treatments and within treatments was high and no significant differences related to EPF treatment were found.",null,"x",{"$nulls":7},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Karley, A.","2012","Characterising vine weevil aggregation pheromone for use in traps at soft fruit and nursery sites",null,"Generic",{"$nulls":33},"x"]
["x",null,"Little info","Klinger, J.","1959","On the significance of carbon dioxide in the orientation of larvae of O. sulcatus, Melolontha and Agriotes in the soil","Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft","Journal Article","30",null,"317-322","Vine weevil use CO2 gradients to locate fresh roots",{"$nulls":30},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Moorhouse, E. R.","1990","The potential of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae as a microbial control agent of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus","Ph.D Thesis, University of Bath",{"$nulls":6},"x",{"$nulls":15},"x",null,null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":10},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Bennison, J.","2011","Potential control of wheat bulb fly, slugs and vine weevil using the predatory beetle Atheta coriaria PS2130.","Defra","Report",null,null,null,"This project aimed to do pilot research on the potential of the native predatory staphylinid beetle Atheta coriaria for biological control of wheat bulb fly, slugs and vine weevil. Control of these pests is currently mainly reliant on the use of pesticides.\nWheat bulb fly (WBF) is one of the most serious pests of winter wheat in Britain. WBF control is entirely reliant on pesticides, mainly on the use of organophosphorous pesticides applied in January or February at egg hatch or larval invasion. No research has yet been done on potential biological control of WBF. In Defra-funded project PS2120, ADAS demonstrated the potential of the native predatory beetle Atheta coriaria for biological control of cabbage root fly (CRF) eggs and young larvae in horticultural brassicas. This beetle is commercially available for control of fly pests in glasshouses but would be too expensive to use on a field scale. However, in HDC-funded research projects 239 and 239a, ADAS developed a cheap and easy 'DIY' Atheta rearing system for growers. This offers the opportunity for potential large-scale release of the beetles in field crops. WBF eggs are very similar to those of CRF. Soil temperatures during the WBF egg-laying period (late July to early September prior to sowing the wheat crop) would be suitable for A. coriaria activity. Biological control of the vulnerable egg stage of WBF would be a novel non-chemical approach that builds on the results or previous Defra research.\nSlugs are serious pests of many arable and horticultural crops. Crops such as wheat, oilseed rape and potatoes are routinely treated with molluscicide pellets and the most commonly used active ingredient is metaldehyde. Molluscicides do not always reduce crop damage and the Metaldehyde Stewardship Group is seeking to reduce the risk of water pollution associated with metaldehyde application. Slug-parasitic nematodes are available for biological slug control but use on field crops is restricted due to high cost and limited development work. A. coriaria is a known predator of the eggs and young larvae of flies and beetles, but no work has previously been done on its potential predation of slug eggs or young juvenile slugs.\nVine weevil is a major pest of many ornamental and soft fruit crops. Insect-pathogenic nematodes are available for biological control of vine weevil larvae but many growers of crops such as containerised hardy nursery stock and strawberries are still reliant on the use of persistent pesticides in the compost or soil. Initial ADAS work had shown that A. coriaria do not predate vine weevil eggs but they will predate the larvae. This project included work to quantify vine weevil larvae predation by A. coriaria.",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Stafford, A.","2013","Review the scope for using natural plant products to reduce  reliance on conventional pesticides PS2142.",null,"Defra",null,null,null,"This project addressed one of the R&D priorities in Annex 2 of Defra’s Evidence Investment Strategy (2011), to provide evidence that will help to reduce reliance on conventional chemical pesticides by developing alternative strategies. The project investigated potential novel, alternative crop protection strategies in horticulture, for food, amenity and domestic use; specifically for control of three important UK pests with life stages on foliage and in the growing substrate: western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) and sciarid flies (Bradysia species).\n\nThe main objectives were to collect and review scientific data on potential pest management properties of plant natural products, either in planta or extracted, to interpret the results and make suggestions for future development of pest management strategies. In the absence of specific chemical data, information on plant species that affect pest behaviour or growth was also sought. \n\nSearch criteria and data table construction were agreed and established at the start of the project and these guided the information collected. The core data set in Excel contains details of plant species and their associated taxonomy, chemical data, insect species and references. The chemical data table includes (where available) CAS Registry numbers and other identifiers such as InChIKeys. The plant species and plant chemistry data are brought together with information on relevant biological activities on a combined entry table in Excel. For the purposes of the report, key data have been further organised into 24 tables on the basis of pest species and type of biological activity. These tables were all extracted from the larger combined entry table in Excel which is provided in the form of supplementary data. Whereas the project focused on three pest species, data on close relatives was also gathered. \n\nIn total, 801 data entries were made from more than 120 references, covering approximately 370 plant species and approximately 200 chemicals or extracts affecting insect pest behaviour, growth or mortality. \n\nThe findings have identified a number of areas that would benefit from future research, some specific to WFT, vine weevil or sciarid fly and others with more general relevance. Some of these are listed below, others can be found at the end of Section 8.\n\n• There are a number of strategies for increasing pest resistance that rely upon utilising in situ plant defence mechanisms including phytochemicals thereby avoiding any requirement for the application of extracts or chemicals. For instance, higher rates of nitrogen fertilization have been shown to favour WFT abundance and vine weevil oviposition and larval development, and also reduce levels of insect antifeedants such as chlorogenic acid. Controlling nitrogen applications within the optimum range for plant growth is therefore an obvious strategy that also has environmental benefits.\n\n• Jasmonates protected plants against WFT and Bradysia; these and other known elicitors of natural plant defence mechanisms should be tested further in an agricultural context.\n\n• A finding that feeding on Taxus foliage prior to pyrethroid treatment increased knock-down of adult vine weevils indicates that it may be possible to significantly enhance the potency of approved chemical pesticides with plant extracts or phytochemicals. Relevant to all insect pests, potential plant extract synergists of pyrethrum should be sought from the scientific literature and tested for improvement of pesticidal activity.\n\n• With respect to WFT, the concentration of phytochemicals applied can be fundamental to activity as demonstrated by the contrasting activities of certain volatiles (p-anisaldehyde and salicylaldehyde) that were attractive at low concentrations and repellent when undiluted or at high concentrations. There are few known volatiles that affect the behaviour of Bradysia or vine weevil, and for WFT there is room for more potent volatile attractants (to be used in “lure-and-kill” strategies). Observations of plant species that are attractive to pests, e.g. Browallia spp. for WFT, may yield new leads for volatile attractants. Repellents are potentially valuable as extracts or single compound preparations; alternative methods include the use of plant species releasing repellent volatiles grown as companion plants with vulnerable crops or preparations incorporated into growing media. \n\n• Vine weevil - damaged roots produce volatile signals that attract natural enemies. A new class of diterpenes (rhizathalenes) with activity against feeding by Bradysia larvae has recently been discovered in Arabidopsis roots. A literature survey of root-located volatiles or semi-volatiles as potential SOS signals (i.e. that attract natural enemies) may yield a number of potential crop protection candidates for the pests reviewed here and others including molluscs and nematodes. The concept is relevant to both soil and foliage-dwelling stages of the pest life cycle and could be extended to chemical signals from aerial plant parts that may attract e.g. WFT predators.\n\n• Whereas on their own, the phytochemical actives identified in this report may only provide a partial pest control solution, in combination with other plant products, chemical insecticides, biologicals or devices they may become very effective. For example the reported lure-and-kill strategy using a commercial attractant and Metarhizium anisopliae spores to increase mortality of WFT could be extrapolated to vine weevil adults using attractants based on green plant volatiles and weevil refuge traps.\n\n• There are few reports concerning factors affecting larval development and other life-stage parameters e.g. oviposition rates, pupation and adult emergence rates in WFT and this has identified a gap in knowledge and potential area for further research.\n\n• Plant materials with pesticidal properties such as isothiocyanate-containing green manures from Brassica spp., garlic extracts and neem products may have potential for control of in particular vine weevil and Bradysia.\n\n• There appears to be plenty of scope for identification of new chemical actives in plant species observed to affect pest behaviour, potentially useful as pest control strategies in the form of extract applications, and in resistant crop cultivars, that could provide a basis for breeding targets. \n\nThe data presented here covers many different experimental methods and formats, from laboratory, glasshouse and field. Experimental variation due e.g. to source plants, method of extract preparation, application method and chemical concentration, the physiological state of the insects, and spatial scale mean that results obtained from one experimental design and location cannot be relied upon to translate to another. Many of the pest control properties of phytochemicals described in this report have only been derived from laboratory research and now need to be validated in the glasshouse or the field in combination with appropriate delivery methods and devices. \n",{"$nulls":4},"x",{"$nulls":11},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x",{"$nulls":4},"x","x",null,"x","x","x"]
["x",null,null,"Bennison, J.","2013","Maintaining the expertise for developing and communicating practical Integrated Pest Management (IPM) solutions for Horticulture. HDC Project CP89",null,"Report",{"$nulls":6},"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Hough, G.; White, S.; Bennison, J.","2014","Maintaining the expertise for developing and communicating practical Integrated Pest Management (IPM) solutions for Horticulture. HDC Project CP89",null,"Report",{"$nulls":5},"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Hough, G.; Bennison, J.; Wood, A.; Maulden, K.","In press","Biological control of vine weevil larvae on protected strawberry ","IOBC/wprs Bulletin","Journal Article",null,null,null,"In both soft fruit and nursery stock industries, vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) remains one of the most serious economic problems. In order to reduce damage caused by this pest, controls can be targeted against both the larvae in the growing medium which feed on the roots, and the adult weevils within the crop which cause leaf notching. \n\nBiological control of vine weevil is preferable to the use of insecticides in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes.  Current options for biological control of vine weevil larvae include various entomopathogenic nematode species (in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis) and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Met52).\n\nAs there are a number of nematode products now commercially available, growers are unsure of which product to use, and how their control of vine weevil compares with that given by using Met52 in the substrate.  In an experiment in 2013 on a poly-tunnel crop of everbearer strawberry, Nemasys®  L (Steinernema kraussei) was compared with three Heterorhabditis bacteriophora products in a coir substrate, and the entomopathogenic fungus Met52 (Metarhizium anisopliae) in both coir and peat substrates. Efficacy of Met52 combined with each of the nematode products was also determined in coir. \n",null,"x","x",{"$nulls":6},"x",null,null,"x","x",{"$nulls":5},"x",null,"x",null,"Strawberry",null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Fairbairn, J.P; Fenton, A.; Norman, R.A; Hudson, P.J.","2000","Re-assessing the infection strategies of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditidae ; Steinernematidae).","Parasitology","Journal Article","121",null,"211-216","Previous studies have indicated that between 60 and 80% of a population of entomopathogenic nematodes do not infect their insect hosts at any one period in time. Two hypotheses explain this behaviour: the first that there is a subpopulation of non-infectious nematodes and the second that the non-infectious group is created by inhibitory cues derived from infected insects. Through an experimental approach with the Galleria mellonella-Steinernema feltiae system we show that both mechanisms operate together. When conditions for infection were optimized, the sum of individual infection behaviours was similar to the number infecting as a population, implying observed infection rates are driven by intrinsic mechanisms. In addition, there was evidence that an infected host released a chemical cue into the environment which inhibited subsequent levels of infection. This degree of inhibition was independent of the number of infecting nematodes. Both these mechanisms are dynamic, so the observed proportion of infectious nematodes depended heavily on the time of exposure. The implications of these findings for both the design of laboratory trials and the use of entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control are discussed.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Fitters, P.F.L.; Griffin, C.T.","2006","Survival, starvation, and activity in Heterorhabditis megidis (Nematoda : Heterorhabditidae). ","Biological Control","Journal Article","37",null,"82-88","Infective juveniles (IJs) of entomopathogenic nematodes do not feed but have ample stored energy reserves and can survive for several months in soil or in water. Intraspecific variation in survival of Heterorhabditis megidis has been observed for eight isolates of H. megidis stored in water at 20 °C for up to 14 weeks with the 50% survival time (ST50) ranging from 5.6 to 12.5 weeks. How important physical and behavioral attributes were in explaining this variation in survival was explored using stepwise regression. Included in the analysis were: initial energy reserves (measured by image analysis densitometry), size (area and length) the time at which 50% of energy reserves were depleted (ET50), and motility (head movements/min in week 0). Energy depletion rate, ET50, is an important predictor of survival, explaining 93.8% of the variation in ST50 among isolates. Energy depletion rate was highest in the first week, a time at which H. megidis IJs were spontaneously active during storage. By week 5, when IJs had begun to die, some individuals had completely depleted their energy reserves, supporting the hypothesis that death was a result of starvation. In a second stepwise regression, performed to explore what factors contribute to variation in rate of energy depletion, motility accounted for 60.1% of the variation in ET50. With the inclusion of initial energy reserves, length, and area, 88.5% of the variation was accounted for. We conclude that intraspecific variation in survival of H. megidis in water is due largely to variation in rates of depletion of energy reserves, which in turn is strongly associated with levels of locomotory activity.",null,null,"x",{"$nulls":10},"x",null,null,null,"x",null,null,null,"x"]
["x",null,null,"Cowles, R. S.","1997","Several methods reduce insecticide use in control of black vine weevils. ","Frontiers of Plant Science ","Journal Article","49","2","2-4",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x","x",{"$nulls":7},"x"]
["x",null,null,"Mráček, Z., Bečvář, S., Kindlmann, P. and Webster, J.M. ","1999","Factors influencing the infectivity of Canadian isolate Steinernema kraussei (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) at low temperatures. ","Journal of Invertebrate Pathology ","Journal Article","73",null,"243-247",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":9},"x",{"$nulls":4},"x",null,null,null,"x",{"$nulls":4},"x"]